AERONAUTICS.
AERONAUTICS:
AN ABRIDGMENT
OF
AERONAUTICAL SPECIFICATIONS
FILED AT THE
PATENT OFFICE
FROM A.D. 1815 TO A.D. 1891.
GRIFFITH BREWER
AND
PATRICK Y. ALEXANDER.
ILLUSTRATED.
LONDON :
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
1893.
TA 57 js
FLAMMAM.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PREFACE.
OWING to the large number of specifications which have been
filed at the Patent Office, it is extremely difficult for inventors
of the present day to ascertain if their inventions have been
anticipated.
It is hoped that those interested in the subject of Aero-
nautics will find this work of benefit to them in their
researches, though it must not be expected that all the
information contained in the specifications is comprised in so
small a volume.
In the yearly indexes published by H.M. Patent Office,
many inventions are included under the heading " Aero-
nautics" which do not particularly refer to the subject.
This error in the official indexes is partly the fault of
inventors who wish to cover an enormous ground under one
Patent. Say, for example, an inventor patents a new motor,
and states in his specification that the said motor may be
employed for driving locomotives, traction-engines, ships,
balloons, etc. The Government would probably place that
invention under each of the separate titles, comprising the
apparatus to which the motor could be applied. No doubt
this is the best way to evade unnecessary responsibility in
compiling such indexes ; but in a work of this condensed
description it would be impracticable to follow their example,
as the reader searching for improvements in aerial machines
VI
would hardly appreciate a light sprinkling of traction-engines
or ironclad war-ships.
Many of the specifications describe inventions which are
no doubt impracticable ; some are even ridiculously absurd
and are probably the result of dreams. All these, however,
are equally included with the ingenious inventions, as in
weeding them from the remainder we should make the work
incomplete and therefore of little value. Besides, many
practical suggestions may be gleaned from the most absurd
inventions; and is it not premature to criticize a question
which is still unsolved ?
It is to be hoped that so many failures will not deter
inventors from still striving to master the great problem of
aerial navigation ; for it should be remembered that aerial
navigation is not an impossibility but only a difficulty, which
may be mastered by careful study and perseverance.
GRIFFITH BREWER.
PATRICK Y. ALEXANDER.
AERONAUTICS,
A.D. 1815. No. 3909.
PAULY, Samuel John, and EGG-, Durs.
" AERIAL CONVEYANCES AND VESSELS."
ROUND bodies being unfit for navigation through a fluid, a
fish-shaped aerostat is employed. The net is attached to a
frame round the lower part of the aerostat, and the belly of
the balloon is attached to this frame by a ribband or other
appendage to enable same to act as a parachute, in case of
the balloon bursting. The car is suspended to the frame.
Wings are described composed of a head-piece playing
backwards and forwards horizontally, and provided with
feathers formed of silk, fixed to one side of a rod by means
of ribs of whalebone. Five of these feathers may form a
wing, and have their silk edges toward the tail. These wings
will draw the air from the nose of the balloon, and drive it
along its sides to the tail, thus causing the forward motion.
They may also produce an upward or downward motion.
The tail is of similar construction to the wings, and any
motor may be employed.
A barrel is suspended below the car, which, when moved
toward the tail, causes the nose to rise, and when moved
toward the nose depresses same ; thus the balloon proceeds
upwards or downwards, as the case may be, in an inclined
direction. Water contained in the barrel may be used as
ballast. The inventors state that the aerostat might be
dispensed with.
A.D. 1826. No. 5420.
VINEY, James, and POCOCK, George.
" IMPKOVED KITES."
KITES are employed for drawing vessels, etc., or for raising
persons in the air.
Tl^e/ peculiarities of these kites are: — They are fitted with
joints in the wings and the standard so that they may be
^ojdod^p' '; Kje wings are spread by a moveable distender.
'There are' Tour lines for controlling their power or diverting
their course. Kite after kite may be attached one behind
the other, and thus an indefinite power is obtained.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1840. No. 8337.
POOLE, Moses. (A Communication.)
" OBTAINING MOTIVE POWEK FOR THE PROPULSION OF
VESSELS, ETC."
THE inventor describes a screw-propeller having from two
to twelve blades, which may be set at from one to eighty,
nine degrees, according to " the power of wind you have to
act against."
This screw is shown in the two sheets of drawings, in
conjunction with a boat or car.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1842. No. 9478.
HENSON, William Samuel.
" MECHANICAL FLYING MACHINE."
THIS invention describes the employment of an " aero-
plane " for mechanical flight.
In the introductory part of the specification the inventor
states : — " If any light and flat or nearly flat article be pro-
jected or thrown edgewise in a slightly inclined position,
the same will rise on the air till the force exerted is ex-
pended, when the article so thrown or projected will descend;
and it will readily be conceived that if the article so pro-
jected or thrown possessed in itself a continuous power or
force equal to that used in throwing or projecting it, the
article would continue to ascend so long as the forward part
of the surface was upwards in respect to the hinder part, and
that such article, when the power was stopped or when the
inclination was reversed, would descend by gravity only if
the power was stopped, or by gravity aided by the force of
the power contained in the article, if the power be continued,
thus imitating the flight of a bird."
It will be seen from this quotation that Henson had a
clear knowledge of the properties of what is now termed the
" aeroplane," and he proceeds to describe a machine in which
an " aeroplane," propelled forward at a suitable inclination
and speed, serves as a support on the air for itself and other
parts connected therewith.
The car or vessel is made with a view to strength and
lightness, and three wheels are situated below to enable it to
run on the ground. On either side of the car is an extended
B2
surface, made of wood framework covered with silk and
firmly stayed with wire, so that the two extended surfaces
form a trussed beam of great strength and lightness. A
horizontal tail, which can be raised or lowered, is employed
at the stern, for the purpose of guiding the machine up or
down, and a vertical rudder or tail is employed for steering
to the right or left.
Two propellers are employed to drive the machine, and
the engine and boiler which are to drive the propellers are
preferably placed in the bow of the car, as the weight should
be placed forward.
The machine is started by running down an incline, at the
same time having the propellers in motion, when it will be
found to leave the ground, and it may then proceed in any
direction.
There should be about one square foot of surface for each
half-pound of weight; and the following are the dimensions
of a machine of 3,000 Ibs., which the inventor states he was
making : — Surface of the main aeroplane 4,500 square feet,
tail 1,500 square feet, and the high-pressure steam-engine
was of from 25 to 30 horse-power.
This invention created a great stir at the time, and
Mr. Henson made a machine, but it was of no practical use
as a means of flight.
A.D. 1843. No. 9598.
SUNDERLAND, Thomas.
" PROPELLING SHIPS AND BALLOONS."
SCREW-PROPELLER having two flat blades attached to the
ends of a cross-bar affixed to a longitudinal shaft.
The impact of a jet of steam on the atmosphere is also
described as a means of propulsion. The invention is illus-
trated as applied to ships, for which it seems to be chiefly
intended.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1843. No. 9642.
POTTS, Lawrence Holker.
" APPLICATION OF BALLOONS."
BALLOONS are employed for drawing cars on tension railways,
by which means they hecome of greater utility than hereto-
fore.
A machine is described consisting of treadles, handles, and
cranks, for enabling men to utilize all their strength to
actuate wings and oars.
(Drawings?)
A,D. 1843. No. 9856.
MOAT, William Crofton.
" AERIAL LOCOMOTION."
A MACHINE is described to be driven by manual power (though
the inventor states he does not limit himself to this power),
composed of an oblong framework of wood.
Four men are shown in the drawings turning a crank,
which rotates two frames on either side of the machine,
carrying four " flappers " each. These flappers act on the
air in their downward stroke, but rise edgewise in their up-
ward movement. The flappers consist of rectangular frames
covered with parchment, which swing from pins on the ro-
tating frames, and legs are provided for the machine to stand
on when on the ground. A rudder is employed to steer the
machine.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1847. No. 11578.
NEWTON, William Edward. ( Communicated by
Dr. Van Hecke.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
THIS invention is to enable balloons to take advantage of the
. various currents of air which constantly blow in the same
direction, or monsoons, and currents which are variable.
These currents not being very deep it is necessary to keep
the balloon at a constant height, and the inventor proposes to
do this without loss of gas or ballast.
Wings (propellers) are formed of wire rectangular frames,
having silk stretched thereon. Two wings are mounted
obliquely on each of four spindles, which are rotated by
means of hand-wheels, to which they are connected by suit-
able gearing. When rotated the wings exert a force either
up or down ; thus the balloon may receive a force of from
ten to fifty pounds in either direction vertically, and so be
enabled to remain at any desired altitude. If desired, greater
power may be employed than that of manual labour.
A.D. 1848. No. 12337.
BELL, Hugh.
"NAVIGABLE BALLOON AND MECHANICAL FLYING MACHINE."
THIS invention describes two distinct apparatus for navigating
the air.
1st. A navigable balloon.
2nd. A mechanical flying machine.
There are also some detail improvements applicable to
aerial machines generally, described and shown in the
drawings.
The balloon is made in an elongated form and having a
membrane within same, below which latter air can be forced
to keep the balloon always distended. The network is made
of flat silk bands, which are placed longitudinally and trans-
versely, and also diagonally if required. A single strong
band attaches the net to the horizontal circumference of the
balloon, which, in case of accident, would allow the lower
membranes to rise and fill like a parachute.
A circular valve is held up to its seat by springs and
opened by pulling a line.
The balloon is fitted with a framework made of metal tubes,
to which the boat-shaped car is attached.
One or more two-bladed propellers are employed to propel
the aerostat. Wings having a backward and forward motion
in conjunction with a rotary motion are described. Pro-
pellers are described which reciprocate, and open and shut
like an umbrella, or a hinged double shutter. A water
grapnel is made like an umbrella, and having a rope at each
end. Dragging it by the rope attached to the " handle " end
of the umbrella causes the grapnel to remain full of water,
8
but by pulling the other rope the grapnel is reversed and
empties.
For mechanical flight, an aeroplane, having its sides curved
downward, is propelled at an angle. Wheels are provided
to enable the machine to obtain the necessary velocity, in
order to make the ascent. Tubes are employed in the con-
struction of this machine.
A.D. 1849. No. 12452.
BROWNE, John.
" BALLOON RAILWAY."
A BALLOON having a car containing passengers is attached by
means of a cord to a metal holder, which runs in contact with
a rail situated on the ground.
No drawings illustrate this vague specification, which also
describes inventions for " wheel-rigged ships " and " atmo-
spheric railways."
A.D. 1852. No. 155.
BROWN, David Stephens.
" NAVIGATING SHIPS."
THIS invention, although only described as applied to ships,
is of interest in aeronautics, for the reason that an aeroplane
is employed to take the weight of the ship partly off the
water.
The inclined plane may be employed either above the ship
or below same. In the first position the plane will act on
the air, whilst in the second position the water will be acted
on. The ship may be drawn by kites or balloons.
(Drawing.)
9
A.D. 1853. No. 143.
DE MANARA, Horace. (Provisional only.)
" APPLICATION OF BALLOONS."
BALLOONS are employed to keep seats on vessels in an up-
right position, in order to prevent sea-sickness, consequent
on the motion of the vessel.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1853. No. 179.
JOHNSON, John Henry. (A Communication.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON/'
AN elongated balloon supports a frame carrying the boiler
and engines, which latter drive two pairs of paddle-wheels
and parachute propellers. The paddle-wheels are made to
act on the air during half their revolutions, the blades being
feathered during the return motion.
The parachute propellers are mounted on horizontal re-
ciprocating shafts, and open and close alternately, the said
shafts being actuated by eccentrics on the paddle-wheel axles.
Horizontal sails, which may be adjusted to any angle, are
employed to regulate the descent. Four triangular sails,
10
fore and aft, prevent rolling by their resisting surface, and
the machine may be inclined at any angle by means of two
weights, which may be adjusted longitudinally.
A rudder is employed for steering horizontally.
A.D. 1853. No. 395.
DE NORMANDY, Alphonse Rene Le Mire.
(Partly a Communication.)
" ARTICLES MADE OF GUTTA-PERCHA."
BALLOONS are made by pouring a certain quantity of gutta-
percha into a vessel having its interior shaped to the form of
the required balloon. The vessel is turned in every direction
until the interior of same is covered with a film of the solu-
tion. In drying this film contracts, and may then be
removed.
(Drawing.')
A.D. 1854. No. 224.
ALDBOROUGrH, Benjamin O'Neale Stratford, Earl of.
" AERIAL NAVIGATION."
IN this most lengthy specification (79 pages) an aerial machine
is described having an aerostat of elongated form.
Wings are most minutely described, which are intended to
act in a similar manner to those of a bird. These wings are
made to rise slowly against springs and then descend almost
instantaneously, thus compressing the air by percussion under
the concave part of each wing.
Various theories on the flight of birds are propounded by
the inventor, and his object has been to imitate these actions
with his artificial wings.
A tail is described which may act as a rudder, and strike
11
downward when the vessel is rising, and so compress the air
beneath, as the inventor believes birds commonly do, especially
pigeons.
The wings may be employed in a machine without an
aerostat.
Any number of persons on board the aerial vessel may
work the wings, each person working a separate wheel.
Combinations of canes are used in all parts of the aerostat
which require to be kept stiff, or of a sharp or angular form,
the strength of each being suitable to its situation, and these
strips are sewed to the material of which the envelope is
constructed.
Smoke or heated air, with or without gas, is employed,
and long chimneys diminish the danger of fire.
Perforated metal or wire-gauze is placed inside the chim-
neys, which latter may be covered, or partly so, with asbestos
cloth.
Vacuum chambers, which can be acted on by currents of
air, are described, for admitting the gas from the aerostat
when the same has been distended by rare atmosphere at
great altitudes, and the aerostat is divided to contain gases of
various density.
A " pilot boat " containing as much weight as can be
spared from the aerial vessel, such as cordage, provisions, and
persons, descends first, and then draws the vessel down by
means of cords and two windlasses. Grapnels are also taken
in the pilot boat.
A landing-place, having a railway for receiving air-ships,
is described, and a building is provided for their reception.
The 24 sheets of drawings are most theoretical in their
nature, and it is extremely doubtful if many parts of this
invention could be made from the vague though lengthy
description.
(Drawings?)
12
A.D. 1854. No. 759.
BOBCEUF, Pierre Alexis Francisse. (Provisional only.)
" BALLOONS FOR MILITARY PURPOSES.'-'
BALLOONS are held captive by wires, which may also be
employed for signalling or exploding matters in the balloon,
from an electric battery situated on the ground.
The gas in the balloon may be used for projecting missiles.
A.D. 1854. No. 1224.
ALDBOROUGH, Benjamin O'Neale Stratford, Earl of.
" LOCOMOTION ON LAND AND WATER."
THE adaptation of wings (described in specification No. 224,
A.D. 1854) to navigation on water, land, or ice. Aerostats,
combined with vacuum and medium chambers, are also
employed.
By exhausting the air in the vacuum chambers and work-
ing the wings the vessel maybe caused to slide upwards from
the water on to the ice ; as, for instance, for the purposes of
scientific discovery at the North Pole.
Claim : " The adaptation of the principles and combinations
for which I obtained former Letters Patent, bearing date the
30th day of January last, under the title of t Improvements
in Aerial Navigation,' or of modifications of the same, or of
certain parts thereof ; and also the other improvements, as
herein specified, to the navigation of the water, and also to
locomotion on land or upon ice, and to any other purposes to
which the same may be applicable/'
(Drawings.)
13
A.D. 1854. No. 1334.
DARTIGITENAVE, Prosper Guilhaume. (Provisional only.)
" FLYING MACHINE/''
Two apparatus, similar to parachutes, are placed one above
the other, and alternately pulled up and down.
These parachutes are worked by steam or other suitable
power, and when the desired height is reached the machine
is directed by a horizontal flapper fixed on a centre, which
may have an upward or downward inclination given to it by
the aeronaut. Wings are provided to enable the machine to
turn, their direction being guided by the aeronaut.
A.D. 1854. No. 2447.
LUFF, Henry James. (Provisional only.)
" WAR BALLOON/'
A BALLOON freighted with explosive compounds, and having
a telegraphic communication with a vessel, is used for attack-
ing forts and towns.
The movements of the vessel can be directed from the
balloon, and the movements of the vessel can bring the
balloon to any desired position for letting down explosives.
Plans of fortifications by photographic process may be
obtained from the balloon, which latter may, when desired,
be actuated from the land.
A.D. 1855. No. 206.
JOHNSON, John Henry. ( Communicated by Andr& Marie
Prdverand.}
" KITES."
THE kite-frame is composed of two laths crossing at their
centres, and capable of being folded parallel to one another.
14
The textile material which forms the sail portion is per-
manently secured to the ends of one lath, and temporarily
attached to the ends of the other.
The tails are composed of flat boards, through the centres
of which the cord passes, the said hoards presenting their
flat faces towards the wind.
A float attached to a mooring line may be drawn along by
a kite ; and for signalling purposes, signals may be attached
to the body or other part of a kite.
A number of loops are provided on the " belly-band " of
the kite, for attaching the main line, and thus the angle may
be varied according to the amount of wind.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1855. No. 625.
ALDBOROUGH, Benjamin O'Neale Stratford, Earl of.
"AERIAL NAVIGATION."
IMPROVEMENTS are described on the invention described in
specification No 224, A.D. 1854, and forts are described for
the reception of aerial vessels.
Various warlike manoeuvres with aerial vessels are also
described.
This specification, like others by the same inventor, is very
lengthy, and no abridgment of same can give any idea of
the nature of the invention. Indeed, with the original speci-
fication before them, the writers are quite unable to understand
how the apparatus is to be manufactured from such vague
descriptions.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1855. No. 1136.
CURTIS, William Joseph. (Provisional only.)
" BALLOONS AND KITES."
GUNPOWDER-GAS is employed to inflate balloons. Kites or
15
wings are attached to balloons to enable same to be governed
from land or water, and these kites and balloons may propel
a ship. Missiles may be conveyed and discharged by an
electric spark, conducted along the cords or connections, or
the missiles may be discharged by clockwork attached to
the balloon.
A.D. 1856. No. 2062.
ALDBOKOUGH, Benjamin O'Neale Stratford, Earl of.
"AERIAL NAVIGATION."
THIS specification describes improvements on inventions
described in specifications No. 224, A.D. 1854, and No. 625,
A.D. 1855.
Valves in the outer aerostat admit air to same when the
external pressure is great, and air may also be permitted to
escape by valves at the stern. Tubes or air-channels in the
aerostat strengthen same.
Air-channels in the aerostat assist in steering the aerial
vessel, and two separate aerostats may be employed, their
lower surfaces acting as wings.
Double curtains protect the passengers and machinery
during bad weather ; and improved springs are described for
actuating the wings, which latter may also be assisted in their
movement downwards by the force of the air contained in
the chambers above.
Two pilot boats are employed, and elastic cables are used
with the grapnels.
Rotary aerostats may be employed, and the invention may
be applied to locomotion generally.
Fourteen sheets of drawings are appended to a seventy-
page description, both of which are like other specifications
by the same inventor, viz. most vague and theoretical in
their character.
(Drawings.)
16
A.D. 1856.
No. 2154.
LASSIE, Jean Baptiste Justin.
"NAVIGABLE BALLOON/'
THE aerostat is made in a cylindrical form having a pro-
jecting helical screw on its outer surface. A smaller cylinder
is provided within the aerostat, in which latter the crew walk
round in a similar manner to convicts in a treadmill. This
rotates the whole aerostat, which makes the same advance in
the air.
The inventor proposes to make the aerostat 900 feet long,
and 90 feet diameter. Three hundred men could be em-
ployed, half of which number would be on duty at a time.
According to the pitch of the screw, the speed may be fast
or slow.
A cut-wind is provided at the bow, and an auxiliary
balloon having two vertical blades is employed at the stern
for steering.
An adjustable weight is suspended below to regulate the
angle of the balloon.
The descent may be performed by pumping air into
auxiliary balloons. Spring safety-valves are employed ; and
the aerostat may be made of iron, copper, or aluminium.
17
A.D. 1856. No. 2256.
PELLEN, Marius.
" COATING FOR BALLOONS."
CAOUTCHOUC prepared in England, and subjected to the
inventor's mode of preparation, is particularly applicable to
the manufacture of balloons.
Varnish is composed of amilaceous substances ; such as
enulin, lichen, gum arabic, adragant, mucilage, and vegetable
substances mixed with some kinds of gum, sugar, gelatine,
dextrine, glucose, albumen, collodion, submitted to a certain
preparation " without ether of gelatinous matter, that is, of
pure gelatine of fish skin and of glue."
These gums are prepared with pure water diluted with
alcohol ; they must be very limpid, and should be strained.
The varnish is applied while the balloons are distended.
Small balloons should be filled at a pressure of about 40
inches of water ; and the varnish above described may suit-
ably be employed for coating the interiors of large balloons.
A.D. 1856. No. 2993.
CARLINGFORD, Godwin Meade Pratt Swift, Viscount.
" FLYING MACHINE."
THE car is in the shape of a boat, and fitted with three wheels
beneath same, one being in front and two behind.
Two wings of slightly concave form are fixed to the sides,
the sustaining laths of which wings pass through the body of
the car from one wing to the other, and thus hold them
firmly in position. These 'wings serve the purpose of an
" aeroplane " resting on the air, but having no movement
imparted to them. A tail and rudder are provided, and the
machine is propelled by means of the " Carlingford screw,"
actuated by a hand wheel and situated in the bow of the
car.
A sustaining surface of 25 to 30 ft. square is proposed,
18
though the machine may be considerably increased in size to
carry very superior weights, in which case, however, the
surface need not be increased in the same proportion. This
conclusion is arrived at for the reason that an eagle weighing
80 Ibs. has only four times the floating surface of a rook
weighing one pound.
The machine may be started by suspending the stern end
of the car by means of a trigger and cord, to the top of a
9 ft. pole. The bow of the car is connected to two lines
passing over pulleys on the tops of two other poles, and a
weight is attached to the other ends of these lines. By re-
leasing the trigger, the lines at the bow are pulled forward
by the weight descending, and the machine receives a great
forward velocity. The machine then becomes free, and speed
may easily be sustained by turning the aerial screw.
" I have proved by experiment that an aerial screw of only
5 inches long can give a pull greater than a ten-pound
weight suspended to a cord and drawing through a pulley ;
and as it will only take such a small force to maintain the
flight of the aerial chariot, that what we look upon as fabulous
may hereafter come to pass, and that, like the chariot of
Jupiter, we may yet behold two eagles trained to draw the
aerial chariot. — N.B. This observation may give the witty an
opportunity of showing off."
It is not necessary to continually turn the winch or work
the pedal for actuating the aerial screw, as the machine can
descend on an incline, and thus travel fifty or sixty miles
according to the height attained.
(Drawings.}
A.D. 1857. t No. 1054.
ALDBOROUGH, Benjamin O'Neale Stratford, Earl of.
"AERIAL NAVIGATION."
THIS specification describes improvements on Nos. 224 and
625, A.D. 1855, and No. 2062, A.D. 1856.
The weight of the crew of aerial vessels and other weight
19
carried by such vessels, is utilized for producing a rotary
motion in the rotary aerostat. The application of the weight
is also described to produce an oscillating or vibrating
motion, or to operate wings or propellers.
Twin hulls or cars may be employed, in which the advan-
tages of a sharp prow and bluff prow are united.
Curtains form a protection to the aerostat when anchored
in an exposed position.
Ketractile tubes, projecting downward, warn the aeronaut
on approaching the ground ; and the aerostat may be jointed
to the car in such a manner that the movements of the aerostat
need not be imparted to the car.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1857. No. 1581.
CLAIR, Joseph Etienne Marie Jean. (Provisional only.)
" PROPELLER/"
Two hollow barrels tapering towards both ends and sur-
rounded by screw vanes, on being rotated propel the vessel
to which they are connected.
A.D. 1857. No. 2483.
BALBONI, Pascal. (Provisional only.)
" PROPELLER."
THE fin or propeller is formed by a triangular blade, working
through a slot in an axle which receives a rotary motion.
The blade receives a vibratory motion at every half revolution
of the axle, thus moving towards the bow and performing
another half revolution, when the same action is repeated.
This fin, or " aile nageoire," is to supersede the paddle-
wheel and screw now used in steam vessels.
(Drawing.)
02
20
A.D. 1859. No. 2330.
BRIGHT, Henry.
" FLYING MACHINE."
Two propellers are mounted above the car of a flying machine,
these propellers being made to revolve in contrary directions.
This revolving of the propellers in opposite directions keeps
the car from gyration.
The descent is performed by reversing the propellers.
The accompanying illustration shows the principle of this
invention.
A.D. 1860. No. 561.
SMYTHIES, John Kinnersley.
" FLYING MACHINE/'
A BOILER is described having a number of tubes for obtaining
a large heating surface with a small amount of weight.
Vaporized hydrocarbon is burnt, which is formed from
liquid hydrocarbon, stored in a tank below the apparatus.
The weight of the water to be carried is also reduced by
condensing the steam and employing the said water over and
over again. The steam is condensed by passing into a hollow
aeroplane formed of oiled silk and stayed by steel rods. The
steam condensing in this large condenser runs to the lower
part of same and is then pumped back into the boiler.
21
One or more pairs of wings are employed, which are
flapped up and down by an engine, and these wings are made
up of large feathers having a rod on one side, the other side
being flexible. The rods slightly overlap the flexible edges
in such a manner that on the downward stroke the wings
beat firmly, with the exception of the last feather which bends
to an angle. Thus the main portion of the wing supports
the machine vertically, whilst the last feather on each wing
gives the forward motion.
The rider steers the machine by leaning in whatever
direction he desires to travel,, thus changing the centre of
gravity. Elastic legs are employed for descending.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1860. No. 1114.
HENRY, Michael. (Communication by Louis Coignard.)
" PROPELLING AND STEERING."
JET propulsion is described with reference to ships, and the
direction of the jet tube is adjustable to enable the force to
be exerted in the required direction for steering.
This jet propulsion is also applicable to the propulsion of
balloons and aerial vessels, though it is not particularly
described as applied thereto.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1860. No. 1155.
BOYMAN, Richard Boyman.
" MOTIVE POWER."
THIS invention describes the application of the intermittent
force of steam to obtain continuous rotary motion.
There is no description of the apparatus as applied to aerial
22
machines, and the inventor merely remarks that the inven-
tion may be applied to vessels, locomotives, and aerial
machines.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1860. No. 1598.
STEVENS, Charles. (Communication by 0. F. Rablat.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOONS."
CIGAK-SHAPED balloon, divided into four compartments, is
fitted with wings on either side. These wings are moveable
on hinges which form springs, and compartments or valves
are situated in the wings.
Pockets are provided, connected by valves to the under
part of the balloon, for receiving the gas from the balloon
when the same becomes distended. The car is made suitable
for navigation on water, and a waterproof cloth inflated with
air is attached to its upper edge to prevent the possibility of
an upset. Springs are also provided on the under surface of
the boat to lessen concussion on landing.
The apparatus ascends or advances according to the velocity
given to the wings.
In a modification, the inventor states that the car may
ascend by the employment of the wings alone, and without
the help of the balloon.
Rudders at bow and stern are employed for steering.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1860. No. 3103.
SILAS, Ferdinand. (Provisional only.)
" SIGNALLING WITH BALLOONS."
A CAPTIVE balloon displays various coloured lamps in certain
positions, and powerful lights situated below the balloon or
on the ground may render the balloon a luminous sphere.
When electric light is employed, the ropes may serve as
23
conductors from a battery on the ground ; and when gas is
the lighting medium, the gas may be conducted through
tubes attached to the ropes.
Captive balloons may be employed as lightning-conductors,
or as " electro-substractors."
The balloon may be steadied by kites.
A.D. 1861. No. 492.
JAMES, William Henry.
"APPLICATION OF BALLOONS."
BALLOONS made of strong material are partly filled with
water to serve as ballast, and these balloons are then employed
for dragging nets or lines with hooks for the purpose of
catching fish.
Such balloons may also be employed for saving life from
stranded vessels, and also for other purposes at sea.
These balloons are not described with reference to aerial
navigation.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1861. No. 593.
JACOB, Joseph. (Communication by Carl Preisenliammer
and Carl Weniger.)
" HYDROGEN GAS."
HYDROGEN gas is made by passing steam through retorts
containing metal, such as iron or copper, fired to a red
heat. This action decomposes the steam and liberates the
hydrogen.
Two sets of retorts may be employed, one set only being in
action at a time.
No reference is made to aerial navigation, but this speci-
fication is included in this abridgment, because reference is
made to same in No. 2377, A.D. 1861, as describing the
manufacture of gas for filling balloons.
24
A.D. 1861. No. 1929.
PONTON D'AMECOURT, Gustave Louis Marie, Viscount de.
" FLYING MACHINE."
Two propellers mounted on a vertical axis, one above the
other, are situated at the upper part of the machine. These
propellers are made to revolve in opposite directions, thus
exerting an upward force, whilst at the same time one
propeller keeps the other in proper equilibrium and prevents
the apparatus taking a gyratory motion.
Another propeller is mounted on a horizontal shaft and
imparts a forward motion to the machine. Vertical horizontal
rudders are provided for steering purposes.
All the propellers are driven from one prime mover, such
as a steam-engine, which is situated in the lower part of the
apparatus.
This invention is practically the same as No. 2330,
A.D. 1859.
(Drawing.]
A.D. 1861. No. 2377.
JACOB, Joseph. (Communication by Carl Preisenhammer
and Carl Weniger.)
" HYDROGEN GAS."
IMPROVEMENTS are described on the invention set forth in
No. 593, A.D. 1861, for manufacturing hydrogen. The
retorts for producing hydrogen are made to revolve, or
stationary retorts are fitted with trays one above the other,
through which the steam is made to circulate.
The iron to be heated is placed on the trays, which iron,
if in a finely divided state, can be heated in a few minutes.
The steam is then admitted, and passing in contact with the
heated iron is decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen, the
former being conducted to a condenser and thence to a
25
gasometer, and the latter forms a compound with the heated
iron.
Hydrogen thus obtained may be employed for inflating
balloons.
A.D. 1861. No. 2420.
PHILLIPS, Joseph Scott. (Provisional refused.)
" FLYING MACHINE."
THE principle is contained in the propulsion of a plane
against the atmosphere by means of wings shaped like the
hoof of a calf (or any other animal), affixed to large light
wheels, and made of firm or loose flapping and bagging
material, the said plane being made of a wooden or iron
framework stretched with silk. The winged wheels being
rotated by springs, by hand, or by steam, will flap as they
revolve and renew an impulse on the air compressed by the
plane, faster than the said air can recede from the pressure,
and the machine will be upborne by the air.
The chief part of the invention lies in the rotating wings,
which pass on the air in one half a revolution and flap as
they pass through the other part.
The inventor probably had some idea of mechanical flight
by propelling an aeroplane with feathering paddle-wheels.
A.D. 1861. No. 2529.
BROWN, David Stephens. (Provisional only.}
" PROPELLING AND SUSTAINING BALLOONS. "
AMMONIA and carbonic acid are employed to work engines
which actuate propellers for propelling and sustaining
balloons.
Condensers containing the ammonia and carbonic acid in
a liquid or solid state are suspended from the balloon and
borne on the air. The gases produced are first utilized in
the engines and are then injected into the balloon. Two
26
collapsed balloons are placed in the main balloon to receive
the ammoniacal and carbonic acid gases. The balloon is
made oblong and has a propeller and rudder at either end.
Horizontal fans or screws are placed above the car, which is
of boat-like form, these fans being worked by springs which
are partly rewound by rotating in a contrary direction during
the descent. The car is made inflated, and changes of tem-
perature or atmospheric pressure may be utilized as motive
power.
This specification is very vague.
A.D. 1862. No. 1786.
CRESTADORO, Andrea.
" FIRE BALLOON."
THE motive power of a draught, caused by the air-sucking
property of fire, actuates a rotary fan-wheel.
A fire-balloon is described in which a stove rests upon a
platform, and the chimney terminates in the balloon above.
A motor worked by air-sucking faculty of fire actuates a
propelling apparatus.
A.D. 1863. No. 867.
GEDGE, "William Edward. (Provisional only. Communication
by Pierre Jacques Carmien.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon is mounted on a shaft which passes
through same from bow to stern. The car is adjustably sus-
pended to the ends of the shaft in such a manner that the
angle of the balloon may be regulated. An engine situated
in the car propels the balloon by rotating the shaft and
balloon, which latter carries sails or a screw thread.
27
A.D. 1863. No. 2028.
LUDEKE, Johann Ernst Friedrich. (Provisional only.}
" SUSPENDING CAMERAS FROM BALLOONS."
A CAMERA is suspended by the rope of a captive balloon, and
the exposure may be made by means of an electric current.
A pulley is situated above the camera, over which pulley
passes a rope attached to the ground at one end, and to a
drum on the ground at the other end. By this means the
balloon may be raised and lowered whilst the camera is kept
steady thereby.
(Drawing?)
A.D. 1863. No. 2141.
WELDON, Walter.
u BALLOON/'
AN elongated balloon is composed of a number of bags, like
the carriages of a railway-train, but with little or • no space
between the bags. These bags should be of greater diameter
than their longitudinal length, and the balloon should be of
much greater length than its diameter. The machine thus
constructed will float horizontally, and may be propelled and
steered.
A.D. 1863. No. 2959.
NEWTON, William Edward. (Provisional only.
Communicated by Eugene Godard.)
" BALLOONS."
AN improved fire-balloon is described in this specification, and
apparatus applicable to fire or gas balloons are also described.
An air-heating apparatus is placed in the car of a " Mont-
golfier" balloon, and straw or light dry wood is employed to
obtain the required heat. Outer casings, through which air
may circulate, are provided round the air-heating apparatus
28
to prevent the radiation of heat inconveniencing the aeronauts,
and a fire door communicates with the interior. The fire is
supported on a perforated sheet of iron, or a trellis-work of
iron bars, and the ash-pan, which is suspended below the
fire, may be raised or lowered to regulate the draught. The
air fed to the fire is admitted through a perforated truncated
cone, and a similar cone, but inverted, is employed to conduct
the heated air to the balloon.
Valves regulate the draught, and a wire-gauze disk pre-
vents sparks entering the balloon. The balloon, which need
not be varnished, is covered with straps like an immense net,
and a valve may be employed at the upper part of the
balloon.
It may sometimes be necessary to empty the balloon more
quickly, so for this purpose a cutting instrument is provided
in the upper part of the balloon, which, on being pulled by
means of a rope, rends the balloon from top to bottom.
To render the grapnel rope elastic, rubber springs are pro-
vided, but the rope itself takes the strain when the springs
are stretched to their utmost.
29
A parachute is fitted to the outside of a balloon to prevent
rapid descents.
A balloon was made according to the above specification,
weighing 4;700 Ibs., and having a capacity of 498,500 ft.
A.D. 1863. No. 3284.
DE SAINT MARTIN, Henry Reda. (Provisional only.)
" FLYING MACHINE.'-'
LUNGS having a respiratory action, and composed of two
inflatable bags, are employed to give a rising and falling
motion to light, rigid frames (wings?).
A hot-air apparatus supplies the lungs, and also actuates
the propelling wheels. The lungs give necessary ascentional
momentum to the apparatus, whilst the propellers move same
in any required direction.
A.D. 1864. No. 298.
DAVIES, George. (Communication ~by Ferdinand diaries
Honor i Phillippe d'JSsterno.)
" FLYING MACHINE."
THIS machine is provided with two wings and a tail, which are
moved vertically, horizontally, and torsionally, and the weight
of the aeronaut may be altered in position in the car.
The wings and tail are composed of a rigid framework,
combined with whalebone strip and a covering of strong silk.
There are hand wheels in the car by which the operator
may move the wings or tail in any desired direction.
The inventor has omitted to provide any power for actu-
ating the machine.
(Drawings.)
30
A.D. 1864. No. 591.
BKOOMAN, Richard Archibald. (Provisional only.
Communicated by Pierre Quentin.)
" CAPTIVE BALLOONS.'''
Two large balloons are connected to a wire rope in such a
manner that one rises whilst the other descends. The distance
between the balloons should be about 300 yards, and the
people in the cars are protected from the sun and rain.
The ropes which support the balloon, the car, and the
holding rope, are all attached to a spar on which they are free
to turn, the car thus being maintained in a vertical position.
In order to prevent the holding rope coming into contact
with car in windy weather, the end of the rope may be
divided in two and carry a frame in which the car is free to
turn ; or two cars may be attached to the spar, and the rope
attached between them ; or the car may have a recess from
the side to the centre of same, and thus allow the rope to take
any angle without tilting the car.
The balloon is made of strong tarred fabric, lined with tissue
paper, combined with light fabric coated with india-rubber.
The network may be combined with the envelope, and the
envelope thus consolidated terminates in a circular frame
having outlet and inlet valves.
A hyperbolical trunk allows the wind to exert an internal
pressure when the balloon is employed in a hurricane.
A.D. 1864. No. 748.
GEDGKE, William Edward. (Provisional only. Communicated
by Pierre Jacques Carmien.)
" METAL BALLOON."
A CYLINDRICAL metal balloon with conical bow and spherical
stern, and fitted with sails on its exterior surface, is made to
rotate by means of a suitable steam-engine situated in the car
below.
Two hemispheres, placed at the bow and stern, are blown
31
into by means of a bellows, actuated by the steam-engines,
the air so blown acting as ballast.
Archimedean screws are turned in one or other direction to
aid in ascending or descending.
A.D. 1864. No. 1982.
CLARK, William. ( Communicated by Alexandra Marie
Quinet and Archille Baudouin.)
" INDIA-RUBBER BALLOONS."
INDIA-RUBBER balloons having an internal valve, which is
kept closed by the pressure of the gas within, are described
in this specification.
As this only refers to toy balloons, it is unnecessary to deal
with the details of this invention.
(Drawing.}
AD. 1864. No. 2030.
BROOMAN, Richard Archibald. (Provisional only. Com-
municated by Charles Edmond Francois Couturier.)
" FLYING MACHINE."
EXTENDING arms are fixed at a distance from the body and
terminate in wings or flappers. Springs are fitted at the
connection of the wings and arms, and the aeronaut works
the flappers by means of cords, and may thus progress even
against the wind.
AD. 1864. No. 2245.
HAMMOND, Thomas Rundle. (Provisional protection
refused.)
" DRAWING BALLOONS."
VULCANIZED india-rubber is distended, and any objects are
attached thereto, such as mail bags, boats, waggons, or bal-
loons, which, on being released, are drawn along by the
india-rubber.
32
A.D. 1861 No. 2299.
MENNONS, Marc Antoine Francois. (Communicated by
Gustave de Struve and Nicholas de Telescheff.)
"FLYING MACHINES."
STATIONARY or moveable concave surfaces are employed in
machines which fly by mechanical power, the stationary
surfaces acting on the principle of aeroplanes, and the move-
able surfaces acting as wings.
The first machine, which is designed to carry 120 persons
and to move at 30 miles an hour, has a large concave surface
attached round the body or vessel for floating on the air. A
propeller is provided, driven by a steam-engine, for giving
the machine a forward motion, and vertical and horizontal
rudders are employed for steering horizontally or vertically.
A weighted regulator is provided to maintain the centre of
gravity as nearly as possible in the same position. The
machine is started down a decline, and when free the engines
driving the propeller keep the machine flying.
The second machine is provided with moveable wings,
which are actuated by the aeronaut, and the machine is
started in a similar manner to the first machine.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1865. No. 930.
HAENLEIN, Paid. (Provisional only.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon, having a horizontal framework around
same, is driven by means of a propeller, and steered by a
rudder covered with silk. Instead of propellers at the bow,
propellers may be situated on either side of the balloon, and
mounted on the framework, and a propeller may be mounted
on a vertical axis situated below the car for regulating the
altitude of the balloon.
The propellers are driven by a gas-engine of particular
33
construction, having most of its working parts hollow to give
lightness, and the gas required is drawn direct from the
balloon. A small auxiliary balloon, situated inside the
balloon, is inflated with air to compensate for the loss of gas.
A.D. 1865. No. 1037.
EOTHLEB, Gustave Wilhelm. (Provisional only.)
" FLYING MACHINE."
A STRONG but light framing surrounds the body of the person
who is to fly, and the said framing is prolonged in front and
behind about 5 feet. A windrose (having arms like the sail
of a windmill) is employed in front, and offers very little
resistance to the wind, as it is free to turn on its axis. A
revolving wheel, having feathered spokes, acts as a rudder,
and the onward motion is obtained by wings which are actu-
«/ o
ated by spiral springs and by the arms of the person flying.
Two elastic reservoirs of hydrogen are attached to the framing
to assist in buoying up the person flying in the air.
This provisional specification is extremely vague, and the
parts are not very particularly described.
A.D. 1865. No. 1953.
LAROCHE, Leon Paul. (Provisional protection refused.)
" FIRE-ENGINES AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES/'
PISTONS of pumps are armed with " conic sharp-edged needle
34
plates, well polished, round, square, and triangular, showing,
in one word, all the shapes that have been adopted, to be
thoroughly polished and edged."
This principle, the inventor states, may be applied to aerial
machines and balloons.
This description is quite incomprehensible, and the inventor
who is a native of Paris, probably made his own translation.
{Drawing.)
A.D. 1865. No. 2208.
BONNEVILLE, Henri Adrien. (Provisional only.
Communicated by Charles Edmond Frangois Couturier.)
" FLYING TOYS AND PARACHUTES/'
A FLYING toy has wings attached to a central body, and a
rudder is attached to the hinder part of the body. When
the bodies are to fly rigidly, the body, tail, and wings are
fixed in the same plane ; but when the wings are to flap they
are hinged to the body, which is then inclined downward with
the tail in an upright direction. The flapping of the wings is
controlled by a thread or other means.
In applying the principle to a parachute the wings would
be made of silk, mounted on a suitable framework.
A.D. 1865. No. 3283.
CLARK, William. ( Communicated ly Solomon Andrews.)
" DIRECTING THE COURSE OF BALLOONS."
THE principle of this invention is propelling and steering
balloons during the rising and falling motion, by means of
inclined planes.
The specification describes, and the drawings illustrate, three
elongated balloons placed side by side, and having their
longitudinal equators joined together by a diaphragm. An
elongated car is also employed, and the aeronauts, by standing
35
either in the bow or in the stern, depress the bow or stern of
the balloons, which in rising or falling travel along in the
plane to which the diaphragm is inclined.
The accompanying illustration shows a plane for the above
purpose fitted to a spherical balloon, which plane may be
adjusted to any required angle.
A.D. 1866. No. 1143.
BUTLER, James William. (Provisional only.)
" MANUMOTIVE FLYING MACHINE."
AN aeroplane is attached across the shoulders of the person
intending to fly. The operator imparts an upward and forward
motion to the apparatus by pulling a pair of wings downwards,
the upward motion of the wings being obtained by springs.
The operator, with the above apparatus attached, is con-
veyed rapidly down a hill on a carriage until the rush through
the air, acting on the aeroplane, lifts him from the carriage,
when by plying the wings vigorously, a flight of considerable
extent may be attained.
D2
36
The start might also be obtained by jumping from a height,
or by being pulled through the air at a great velocity by a
rope.
A.D. 1866. No. 1497.
BOYMAN, Richard Boyman.
" PKOPELLING VESSELS."
IN this very lengthy specification the inventor describes
further improvements in propelling vessels by reaction, which
improvements are the result of his experiments on intermit-
tent reaction.
He states that this method will be the only method of pro-
pulsion on land, water, and in air.
The invention is not particularly described as applied to
aerial navigation, so it is beyond the scope of this book to
deal with this particular means of propulsion.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1866. No. 1571.
WENHAM, Francis Herbert. (Provisional only.)
" FLYING MACHINE."
Two or more aeroplanes are arranged one above the other,
and support a framework or car containing the motive power.
The aeroplanes are made of silk or canvas stretched in a
frame by wooden rods or steel ribs. When manual power
is employed the body is placed horizontally, and oars or pro-
pellers are actuated by the arms or legs.
A start may be obtained by lowering the legs and running
down hill, or the machine may be started from a moving
carriage. One or more screw-propellers may be applied for
propelling when steam-power is employed.
37
A.D. 1866. No. 2489.
BOULTON, Matthew Piers Watt. (Provisional only.)
" PROPELLING AERIAL VESSELS."
A JET of fluid is forced from the stern of the vessel in the
direction of the required movement of such vessel. This
action imparts movement to the air, which impinges against
a curved surface on the stern of the vessel, which is thus
propelled. The necessary elevating force of aerial vessels
might be obtained by the employment of inclined planes,
surfaces, or vanes.
A.D. 1866. No. 2809.
BOULTON, Matthew Piers Watt. (Provisional only.)
li PROPELLING AERIAL VESSELS."
THE invention described in this specification is practically
similar to the invention previously protected by the same
inventor (No. 2489, A.D. 1866).
A.D. 1866. No. 3262.
BOYMAN, Richard Boyman.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON/'
THE inventor describes at length the state of aeronautical
science at date of the application for this patent, and endea-
vours to show by his arguments that aerial navigation can
iver be accomplished by mechanical flight. The opini
Dr. Pettigrow, the Duke of Argyll, and Dr. Arnott
38
quoted, but the inventor differs from them, and maintains
that aerial machines must displace a quantity of air of equal
weight to the entire aerial machine with its cargo.
It is proposed to make a machine having a steel aerostat
and weighing in all 600 tons. The aerostat is to be cylin-
drical with conical ends, 200 feet in diameter, and a quarter
of a mile long ; yet the resistance will only be 5070 Ibs.,
and the propelling force 406 horse-power.
Jet-propulsion is employed (viz. propulsion by the impact
of a current of air), which may either be produced by a jet of
steam, or by a blower of the rotary blower type, which is
shown in detail in the drawings accompanying the specifi-
cation.
The reaction-nozzles revolve so as to propel or back the
vessel, and also to act as elevators and depressors.
Rudders are employed, working in pairs, one fore and one
aft.
The gas contained in the aerostat may be employed for
heating the boilers, though, if preferred, the heating-gas may
be stored in separate receivers.
Water is injected into the boiler by a steam injector, which
forces the water at a sufficient velocity to overcome the
pressure in the boiler.
Moveable ballast keeps the machine at the required angle.
To anyone interested in the science of aeronautics, this
specification is well worth careful study ; the reflections,
opinions, and theoretical views being most elaborately written
and argued by an inventor, who without doubt was a most
clever man.
A.D. 1867. No. 466.
HENRY, Michael. (Communicated by Henry Giffard.}
" BALLOONS."
AN enclosure of the height of a balloon, and having a rounded
upper edge, is employed to protect a captive balloon from the
wind whilst on the ground. The captive rope passes over a
39
pulley to a steam engine, the said rope tapering in thickness
from the balloon downward. A trench is made to receive the
car, which latter is suspended from a ring and situated in a
cage. The lower part of the halloon is elastic to allow of
expansion, and a stuffing-box closes the mouth of the balloon,
through which the valve-line passes. Tubes are connected to
the neck of the balloon and rise upwards to elbows hung from
the net ; these tubes then descend towards the ground, where
they are open to the air and act as exits and safety-valves.
A tube is connected to the valve at the top of the balloon to
enable gas to be admitted from above, and thus expel the
heavier gas at the lower part of the balloon. A waterproof
covering protects the balloon and net from rain.
(Drawing.}
A.D. 1867. No. 473.
KAUFMANN, Joseph Meyers.
" FLYING MACHINE."
THE car contains the engine and boiler, and is mounted on
wheels to enable it to run on land when starting, whilst at
the same time the said car can float on water.
The engine actuates the wings, and pillow-blocks are
employed to oscillate the wings, so that they may strike the
air at an angle both in the up-stroke and the down-stroke,
thus wedging or screwing the machine through the air.
P> lifters, which may be forced out by steam-pressure, are
provided for giving the machine a sudden lift upwards when
starting, or the machine may be run along on its wheels until
"the air acting on suitable aeroplanes, set at an angle, gives
the required lifting-power.
A tail and two guides are employed to steer the machine
vertically or horizontally.
A tender, carrying stores, fuel, and water, and cars may
be drawn behind the above-described machine, in which case
the tender and cars would be provided with aeroplanes for
supporting them on the atmosphere.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1867.
40
BOULTON, Matthew Piers Watt.
" PROPELLING VESSELS."
No. 696.
THIS invention refers most particularly to propelling vessels
by drawing water by means of a pump, in a direction " oppo-
site to the vessel's advance, and expelling it in the same
direction."
Reaction-wheels worked directly by steam may give a
rapid rotation to a propeller for the purpose of aerial loco-
motion.
A.D. 1867.
No. 1392.
SMYTH, William.
" FLYING MACHINE."
THE car, which is of cylindrical form with tapered ends, is
provided with horizontal propellers for propulsion, and ver-
tical propellers for elevating.
Aeroplanes are employed for sustaining the machine, and
one pair of these aeroplanes may be extended at the bow and
one at the stern, or several pairs may be arranged one above
the other, in order to save length and weight.
The propellers are actuated by a motive-power machine, in
which the explosive force of the combustion of mixed gases
is utilized, which explosion expands concertina-like chambers.
41
A.D. 1867. No. 1525.
KAUFMANN, Joseph Meyers. (Provisional only.}
" APPARATUS CONNECTED WITH FLYING MACHINES."
THE pressure in the boiler is regulated by a " sneap," which
consists of two pistons connected together, one being in com-
munication with the steam, and the other with a mercury-
gauge. At a certain pressure, the movement of the piston
allows the steam to escape, and a whistle which is provided
warns the attendant.
The flow of oil to the furnace is regulated by a piston,
which moves in proportion to the amount of pressure in the
boiler ; the piston-rod is connected to a valve, and thus
diminishes the amount of oil fed to the furnace on the
pressure in the boiler exceeding the amount required.
The inventor also describes apparatus previously set forth
in his specification No. 473, A.D. 1867.
A.D. 1867. No. 1982.
CRADDOCK, Thomas. (Provisional only.)
" FLYING MACHINE."
A SMALL shaft is fixed to the person's body, and rotated by
means of clutch pulleys, which are actuated by the feet and
hands pulling down cords, the recovery of the pulleys being
accomplished by springs.
The rotation of this shaft actuates wings, which receive an
up and down, and also a swivel, action, thus pulling the
person forward as well as supporting him in the air.
The wings, which are made on the principle of a lady's fan,
are intended to move like the wings of a bird.
By employing two or more pairs of wings acting at dif-
ferent times, a continuous power is obtained.
Steam-power may be employed, and as many as 40 wings
on each side of the car could then be utilized.
42
A.D. 1867. No. 2115.
BUTLER, James William, and EDWARDS, Edmund.
" FLYING MACHINE."
AN elongated triangular; aeroplane is employed, having a
web down the centre of its underside, the aeroplane and web
resembling in shape a paper dart.
Horizontal and vertical rudders guide the machine verti-
cally and horizontally.
Propellers or wings may be employed for imparting a
forward movement to the apparatus, or a jet of steam or
other fluid may act by reaction on the air.
When steam-power is employed, the aeroplane may be
made hollow for condensing the steam, and thus save weight
by using the same water repeatedly.
The apparatus may be started from a carriage running on
wheels, and when the speed has become sufficient the air
acting below the aeroplane will raise the apparatus from the
carried ge.
A.D. 1867.
No. 2223.
BOYMAN, Richard Boyman.
" PROPULSION."
THIS invention describes, and shows in very clear drawings,
further improvements in jet-propulsion ; but these improve-
ments being shown as applied to ships, and it being only in-
cidentally mentioned that the invention may be applied to
43
aerial machines, a detailed description would be beyond the
scope of this work.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1867. No. 2229.
NELSON, James Edward. (Provisional only.)
" NAVIGABLE AEROSTAT.'-'
THE car is suspended from an aerostat of disc form, having a
portion of its centre removed. By adjusting a weight sus-
pended below the car the apparatus assumes an inclination,
and can thus skim through the air in descending.
Sails hinder the passage of air through the central opening
of the balloon, thus regulating the velocity of descent ;
and rudders steer the machine vertically and horizontally.
In order to obtain a start, the machine is forced vertically
upwards out of a cylindrical tower by means of compressed
air.
The machine may be propelled by the reaction of a jet or
jets of fluid escaping from a reservoir or generator.
A.D. 1867. No. 2397.
GOUCHER, John.
" PROPELLING."
AN apparatus is described for propelling vessels on water,
which apparatus, it is stated, is also applicable to propelling
aerial vessels, though this application is not particularly de-
scribed.
Wings or flaps are hinged to a central rib in such a manner
that they hold the water if moved in one direction, but fold
on the rib if moved in the contrary direction. These ribs
are attached at right angles to rods which connect similar
cranks, so that on the rotation of the cranks the flaps hold
the water during half a revolution, but are withdrawn from
the water on the return half-revolution.
(Drawings.)
44
A.D. 1867.
No. 2504.
SMYTHIES, John Kinnnersley.
" STEAM FLYING MACHINE."
A STEAM bird is constructed, with wings fulcrumed on the
ends of links attached to the body of the apparatus, and these
wings are composed of feathers which act on the air during
their downward stroke, but rise without much resistance,
owing to the feathers deflecting and permitting the air to
pass between same.
The wings are connected at their inner ends to the piston-
rod of a steam cylinder, which in falling and rising flaps the
wings up and down.
The boiler is constructed with a number of small tubes to
give a large heating surface with small amount of weight, as
well as requiring a very small amount of water ; and the heat
45
is obtained by burning vaporized hydrocarbon combined with
a hot-air blast. The exhaust steam is condensed in a hollow
tail, thus saving weight in the quantity of water required.
This tail also serves the purpose of a supporting surface (t, £.
aeroplane).
Minute details are described.
A.D. 1867. No. 3038.
HENRY, Michael. (Communicated by Henry Gi/ard.)
" BALLOONS."
THE specification describes improvements on an invention of
Henry Giffard's, No. 466, 1867.
Instead of employing an elastic nock, the leading linos Mi
made shorter, thus allowing the balloon to expand or contract
without sagging.
Safety-valves are employed at the lower part of iho Imlloou,
and the nock is made of a short rigid tube having a nVxil>l<-
end.
A pressure-valve shows 1.1 ^ pmHsnm of l.lie gas in the
balloon, and the mooring-cable passes through the centre of
the car, which latter may have a double bottom for tin-, n-r.-j,
tion of ballast &c.
The mooring-cable is worked by steam-engines and i*
fitted with a tension-gauge.
The passengers enter the car by means of a foot-bri<l.: - ,
and an enclosure is provided to protect the balloon from the
effects of bad weather.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1868. No. 392.
BOULTON, Matthew Piers Watt.
" PROPELLING ABRIAL MACHINKS."
JETS of fluid are employed as the motive-power of aerial
machines. The jet of fluid, steam for instance, issues towards
46
the hinder part of the vessel, which is shaped to offer but
small resistance to the air.
Various kinds of jets are described, which maybe employed
as a supporting power by passing over the upper surface
of a plane, thus reducing the pressure on its upper side,
or the jets may be employed for propelling aeroplanes at an
angle, which thus perform mechanical flight.
Mixtures of inflammable gases may be ignited in a recep-
tacle and thus produce the required jet by its escape through
a suitable orifice.
Steam boilers are described having a large heating-surface.
In order to prevent an aeroplane leaving the plane in
which it is travelling, self-regulating mechanism is employed,
consisting of two rudders and a balance-weight, which mecha-
nism corrects the angle automatically.
(Drawing.}
A.D. 1868. No. 412.
MASEY, Philip Edward. (Provisional only.)
" STEAM FLYING MACHINE."
A SERIES of rotary vanes or blades, mounted on vertical axes,
give the required lifting-power, and vanes mounted on hori-
zontal axes impart a forward motion to the machine.
These vertical and horizontal axes are driven by means of
a rotary engine situated on a boiler having a large heating-
surface.
A.D. 1868. No. 568.
HULLETT, John. (Provisional only.)
" EMPLOYMENT OF KITES AND BALLOONS."
A ROPE is suspended by kites, situated one above the other.
These kites may be adjusted in angle by means of cords and
47
weights. Persons &c. may ascend the rope by means of a
sail attached to a spar carried on a frame free to run up the
rope on pulleys.
The kite or kites may be fitted with gas-holders, and a
balloon may be employed for elevating.
A.D. 1868. No. 1005.
BOULTON, Matthew Piers Watt, and IMRAY, John.
"FLYING MACHINE.'-'
A CYLINDER having two pistons, one working at either end of
same, is situated in the body of the machine. The piston-
rods are attached to a pair of wings in such a manner that on
the pistons being driven apart, one from the other, by the
explosion of mixed gases between them in the cylinder, the
wings are brought down, thus effecting the flight of the appa-
ratus. The upward movement or recovery of the wings is
effected by the natural pressure of air beneath same caused
by the weight of the machine.
A secondary piston conveys the inflammable mixture be-
tween the two main pistons, and modifications are described
of the various parts of mechanism.
The wings are formed of rods curved backwards and
covered with light fabric, and these wings are capable of ad-
justment.
A tail is employed, mounted on a universal joint, thus
allowing of its moving vertically and horizontally for the pur-
pose of steering and balancing the vessel.
(Drawing.}
A.D. 1868. No. 1178.
SPENCER, Charles Green. (Provisional refused.)
i( MANUMOTIVE FLYING MACHINE."
THE apparatus consists of a T-shaped web having vertical and
horizontal limbs, which diminish to a point at the bow. The
48
horizontal web acts as an aeroplane when the machine is pro-
pelled forwards, and there is a receptacle in the vertical web
for a man.
By running along the ground the machine becomes sup-
ported on the atmosphere, and the person actuating suitable
propeller-fins keeps the machine in motion. A rudder may
be employed.
A.D. 1868. No. 1666.
HAMMANT, William. (Provisional refused.)
" FLYING MACHINE."
THIS provisional specification does not clearly describe any
invention, but the inventor states that the apparatus consists
of a frame of thin copper hollow cylinders charged with
hydrogen.
Elevating apparatus, consisting of fans, whose blades de-
scend flatways and rise edgeways, are provided, and the sup-
porting apparatus is said to consist of wings fitted with
feathering blades. Screw-blades are employed for propelling,
and the machine may be actuated by any suitable power.
A.D. 1868. No. 1815.
CRESTADORO, Andrea. (Provisional only.)
" HOT-AIR BALLOON."
A BALLOON is made of metallic sheet, and provided with a tap
at top and bottom. The air inside the balloon is heated by a
49
furnace, whose chimney passes up through the centre and out
at the top of the balloon.
The inventor states that the air in a balloon of 200 ft.
diameter, heated to 230° F., would have an ascending power
of 38 tons.
A.D. 1868. No. 1881.
BOYMAN, Richard Boyman.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
THIS specification describes improvements on the invention,
by the same inventor, No. 3262, A.D. 1866.
Instead of employing gas as the lifting power (in navigable
balloons made of metal), it is proposed to rarefy the air in the
aerostat by exhausting or heating same. Eotary pumps are
shown for exhausting, and the machine is propelled by the
action of a jet or jets of air on the outer atmosphere. The
pumps are set in action until sufficient air is exhausted to give
the required lifting power, and the machine can then be pro-
pelled in any direction.
When it is desired to descend, air is admitted to the aero-
stat, which becomes heavier than the amount of air it dis-
places.
The aerostat is made of rings of metal with a sheet-metal
covering to same, and is strengthened internally by stays.
Quotations from correspondence between Professor Blanc
and the inventor are given at great length.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1868. No. 1987.
NEWTON, William Edward. (Provisional only.
Communicated by C. Williams.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON/'
THE balloon is of elongated form, having the under horizontal
surface flat. The propellers, which consist of adjustable vanes
50
capable of being feathered, may be employed for propelling,
steering, elevating, or lowering the machine.
A rigid platform is attached to the balloon, and the car is
attached below the platform by rigid stays. The balloon,
with the help of a " stay-hoop/' forms a parachute in case of
accident, and horizontal adjustable rails act as aeroplanes.
Compressed gas is carried to compensate for leakage, and
steam is generated with carburetted hydrogen gas.
Persons may descend to the ground by ladders, when the
balloon is anchored, and the balloon need not be brought
right down to the ground for this purpose.
A.D. 1868. No. 2162.
LIVCHAK, Josef. (Provisional only.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
A BALLOON, which is elongated with conic ends, is stated to
be driven by the centrifugal force of the moving parts, and
also by the application of the resistance of the air. The
balloon is covered with an air-tight cloth, the two edges of
which are secured to a loose frame connected with the body
which carries the steam motor.
The body may have its distance from the balloon modified,
and " prismatic casings or wings " are mentioned in this
specification.
A.D. 1868. No. 2680.
HUNTEE, John Morrison.
" FLYING MACHINE."
AEROPLANES are employed for supporting the apparatus on
the atmosphere, and the propulsion is obtained by rocket jets,
i. e. jets impinging on the atmosphere, which jets are pro-
duced by the combustion of gaseous hydrocarbons mixed with
atmospheric air.
There are two aeroplanes, one on each side of the vessel,
51
mounted on their centres so that they may be adjusted in
angle, to direct the machine up or down ; and the outer
edges of these aeroplanes are provided with jets, pointing
downwards, to buoy the machine up when required.
Jets are provided at the stern to propel the machine, or
propellers may be1 employed having jets at the ends of their
blades, for giving the desired rotary movement.
By altering the direction of the bow or stern propeller, the
vessel is turned on its axis, and so travels to the right or left,
or this steering may be performed by steam-jets acting diago-
nally at the bow or stern.
The machine is started by running down hill on wheels
which are provided for that purpose, which wheels are con-
nected to the bodyJaY means of springs.
A generator for making gas, and improved jets are also
described.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1868. No. 3677.
GRYLLS, Henry William. (Provisional only.)
" SPRING-MOTOR FOR AERIAL MACHINES."
THIS provisional specification describes a motor to be driven
by a spring or springs.
The mechanism is placed in the car of a balloon, and drives
a shaft, which projects from the car and carries fans or other
driving arrangement.
A.D. 1869. No. 1124.
ABEL, Charles Denton. (Provisional only. Communicated
by Emile Jombart.)
" FLYING MACHINE."
A NARROW platform constructed of a framing of wood and
B2
52
filled in with louvre boards, laths, or staves is provided with
quadrant- shaped wings.
A person can impart an up and down motion to the wings
by means of levers.
A.D. 1869. No. 1769.
MICHEL, Marius. (Provisional refused.)
" EMPLOYING BIRDS FOR FLYING."
BIRDS are harnessed to a triangular framework, to which
latter the car is suspended.
The birds may be guided by means of reins attached to
their wings, or rudders may be employed for this purpose.
A.D. 1869. No. 2827.
NOBLE, William Henry. (Provisional only. Communicated
by Frederick Marriott.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon is divided into three compartments, the
bow and stern compartments being for the reception of gas,
and the centre compartment for the steam engine.
Aeroplanes which increase in width from the bow to the
stern are mounted horizontally on each side of the balloon,
and a rudder having vertical and horizontal webs is employed
for steering vertically and horizontally.
The balloon does not contain sufficient gas to cause it to
O
rise, but when the propellers are actuated the machine rises
with the greatest ease.
A.D. 1870. No. 623.
BOYMAN, Richard Boyman,
" PROPELLING BY REACTION."
THIS invention refers to improvements in propellers for
producing jets for propelling vessels and aerial machines by
53
reaction. More efficiency is obtained by employing these
improved propellers, which, as in the previous inventions by
the same inventor, draw air from the forward direction and
eject it towards the stern.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1870. No. 1469.
HAUTE, Richard,
" FLYING MACHINE."
THIS machine, which may be propelled by either muscular or
steam power, is provided with an aeroplane and propelled by
a two-bladed screw. These blades have more of their super-
ficies on one side of their axes than on the other, and they
may be regulated in pitch according to the speed required.
Rudders are employed for steering, and wheels are pro-
vided to enable the machine to move on land.
A " balancing beak " is employed at the bow of the
machine, which, by its momentum, ensures the passage of the
front of the machine through the air. The machine may be
started down a hill or by rotating the propellers.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1870. No. 2040.
ROSS, William Murray. (Provisional only.)
" PROPULSION/'
AERIAL machines are to be raised and propelled through the
air by means of apparatus consisting of a number of vacuum-
pumps.
Vessels are also to be propelled in a like manner, and
locomotives are to be stopped by pistons acting against the
air.
(Drawings.)
54
A.D. 1870. No. 3272.
BRANNON, Philip. (Provisional only.)
" BALLOONS."
A BALLOON is constructed in three divisions, one above the
other, the upper division containing hydrogen and the middle
division being fitted with a heating-apparatus for rarefying
the air.
Wheels with feathering-gear, or propellers, give propulsion
to the machine, and the motive power may be obtained from
a tangential fan-wheel driven by currents of air.
Plunging parachute propellers might also be employed, and
all the propellers work on universal joints for steering.
A.D. 1871. No. 728.
OSSELIN, Francois Alfred.
" OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER."
THIS invention is based on a new law, and the apparatus,
which is to be called the " dynamogene/'' is stated to be both
" economical and universal/'
The apparatus is described as applied to " ascentional
engines " which are of the " general form of a kiosk borne
in the air by the statical action of the differential/'
The inventor gives a quantity of mathematical formulae,
and states with confidence that by the use of his apparatus
the problem of aerial locomotion is solved, but he does not
particularly describe the manner of obtaining this much-
wished-for result.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1871. No. 944.
BOYMAN, Richard Boyman.
" SHIPS AND PROPULSION/'
THE principal part of this invention refers to ships which are
55
made of great length and small cross section, to enable them
to proceed at great speed without extra power.
These ships are propelled by reaction, the power being
obtained by means of rotary pumps, which pump water in
the reverse direction to the movement of the ship. These
propelling pumps are also applicable to aerial navigation.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1871. No. 2031.
HUNT, Bristow. (Provisional only. Communicated by
Robert Courtemanche.)
" AERIAL MACHINE."
THE machine is of a fish-like form, and propelled by propel-
lers driven by steam-power.
Two screws will be used for ascending, and one screw is
situated at the rear end for propelling, whilst the steering is
performed with a rudder.
Aeroplanes, which can be adjusted, are provided at the
sides of the vessel, and in descending the screws may be
stopped and the vessel allowed to descend on an inclined
plane.
A foot bridge and four supports are provided, and balloons
containing hydrogen are attached to the bow and stern to
lighten the ship.
A.D. 1871. No. 2781.
RIEBER, Juan. (Provisional refused.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
A TRIANGULAR balloon is provided with steam-engines for
blowing the balloon forward, having one edge foremost to
cut the wind. Weathercocks are employed to indicate the
direction in which the balloon is moving.
The drawing accompanying this specification would have
been more suitable for a comic paper than to illustrate this
" supposed " invention.
(Drawing.)
56
A.D. 1871. No. 3067.
WILSON, George. (Provisional only.}
" MOTIVE POWEK."
STREAMS of water are forced from a receiver and pass over
step-like channels, thus unbalancing the pressure of the
atmosphere, and causing it to act at intervals beneath the said
channels.
This motive-power apparatus is for performing mechanical
work in propelling bodies on the ground or through water,
and is also employed for raising bodies in the air.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1871. No. 3238.
MOY, Thomas, and SKILL, Richard Edmund.
" FLYING MACHINE."
AN elongated body for containing the motor and passenger is
suspended in the centre of a double hoop framework, which
latter is mounted on four wheels for running on the ground
when starting the machine.
Two propellers, each composed of eight aeroplanes placed
radially on an axis, are situated on either side of the
machine. These aeroplanes are altered in their pitch as they
revolve in such a manner that on striking downward their
forward edges are slightly inclined downwards, whilst in
ascending they are inclined upwards, thus always propelling
and serving as supports on the air.
Two adjustable horizontal aeroplanes are situated at the
stern of the machine to steer same up or down, and these
aeroplanes are actuated automatically by a pendulum, or they
may be actuated by hand.
(Drawings.)
57
A.D. 1872. No. 411.
BROWN, David Stephens. (Provisional only.)
" FLYING MACHINE."
Two aeroplanes, which may be double-walled to serve as
generators or condensers, are placed at a distance apart and
held in position by tubular framework.
The planes may be altered in inclination at rapid intervals,
and the propellers may be of the screw, fish-tail, wing, or
rocket kind.
A.D. 1872. No. 821.
SOUL, Matthew Augustus. ( Communicated by
Paul Haenlein.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
A BALLOON of elongated form supports a framework, having
two propellers mounted horizontally on same. A car con-
taining a gas-engine, and fitted with a vertically mounted
propeller below, is attached to the frame, and rudders are
attached to the frame at the bow and stern for steering
horizontally.
The gas for burning in the gas-engine is drawn from the
balloon itself, and an auxiliary balloon situated within the
main balloon is provided for the reception of air as the gas
is withdrawn.
By driving the side propellers by means of the gas-engine
the balloon is propelled forward, and by driving the propeller
below the car the balloon may be raised up or down without
expenditure of gas or ballast.
A condenser is described in which ether or ammonia is
employed for keeping the gas-engine cool.
(Drawing.}
58
A.D. 1872. No. 3076,
DUTHU, Jean Baptiste.
" STEEKING BALLOONS.-"
SAILS are provided on a balloon to enable it to beat and tack
against the wind in a similar manner to a ship. A screw or
fan, actuated from the car, is provided to aid " in these
evolutions " in such a manner that when manoeuvring the
proper side may be presented to the wind.
Anchors are provided with two ropes to enable them to
hook or unhook at will, the flukes being jointed for this
purpose.
A mast and horizontal spars are provided in the balloon,
and a spring safety-valve is provided at the top to allow the
gas to escape when at a certain pressure.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1873. No. 2346.
BROWN, David Stephens. (Provisional only.)
" MOTOR/'
A STEAM-ENGINE for propelling aerial machines is made to act
with great energy at short intervals, instead of in a continuous
manner.
Springs hold the piston-rod back until the pressure is
sufficient to overpower the springs, which piston then moves
with great force.
A.D. 1873. No-
MARTIN, Margaret.
" BALLOONS."
A BALLOON or train of balloons of elongated form travels be-
tween two points by means of an endless rope to which they
are attached. The endless rope passes over pulleys at either
59
end which are worked by steam, and auxiliary balloons may
be attached to the rope at intervals to support the weight of
same.
This lady inventor proposes to run a balloon line in this
manner from Dover to Calais, the rope being suspended about
400 feet above the sea.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1873. No. 3309.
FLEURY, Albert. (Provisional only.)
" STEERING PARACHUTE/'
IF a weight be attached to a rectangular plate by cords of
equal length connected to the corners of the plate, such plate
in falling will be pulled down vertically. Should, however, the
cords be of unequal length, the plate will travel down on an
incline, or if the weight be omitted and a balloon employed
in its place the balloon will rise on an incline.
This principle may suitably be employed to convey tor-
pedoes of considerable weight under water, by weighting them
to descend at an angle. On arriving at the bottom a weight
is unhooked and they rise at an incline towards the ship.
Flying-birds, fishes, &c., may also be made in this manner.
A.D. 1873. No. 4154.
VAUGrHAN, Edward Primerose Howard. (Communicated
by Edward Clarence Morse.)
" ADVERTISING BALLOONS."
CAOUTCHOUC balloons are ornamented or otherwise marked by
means of stencil plates. The marking or colouring materials
may be applied to a balloon whilst inflated or uninflated, and
the balloon may also be marked internally.
60
A.D. 1873. No. 4255.
GAVEAU, Jean Charles.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOONS."
Two or more balloons of equal capacity are connected by a
framework, which forms a vessel with a deck and lower
frame.
A screw propeller is driven by mechanism which is not
described, and a mast and sails are provided for directing the
apparatus in case of need.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1873. No. 4279.
BROWNE, John Collis.
" PROPELLING BALLOONS."
A SCREW propeller, composed of two pairs of blades, is em-
ployed for propelling and assisting to raise balloons, such
blades being constructed so as to act separately on the fluid.
The propeller-shaft is provided with a universal joint to
enable same to be directed in any direction.
This propeller is also described as applied for raising water,
ventilating buildings, &c.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1874. No. 81.
DE VOGT, Henric Christian.
" FLYING MACHINE/'
A FRAME or wing, nearly horizontal and slightly convex in
form, constitutes the elevating and propelling meansT ThisT
frame is strengthened by struts and stays, and is fitted with
feathers which overlap one another, thus holding the air on
the downward stroke, but opening to allow the air to pass
between same on the upward stroke.
61
A reciprocating up-and-down motion of this frame is ob-
tained by the direct action of a piston-rod, and a rudder
having vertical and horizontal vanes is employed for steering
vertically or horizontally.
A boat carries the boiler and engine, and a kite is fitted
•round the boat to prevent rolling.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1874. No. 777.
RIDLEY, Joseph Douglas. (Provisional only.)
" FLYING MACHINE."
WINGS are reciprocated by means of a piston actuated by
explosions, the motion being imparted through the medium
of a piston-rod and cross-piece.
The explosive agents in the cylinder are ignited by an
electric spark ; and a tail is provided for steering the machine.
A.D. 1874. No. 1144.
MENIER, Jean Sebastien Anacharsis.
" FIKE BALLOONS/'
FIRE balloons are provided with circular burners fed with
hydrocarbon from tanks situated in the car.
Asbestos wicks are employed in the burners, and the fuel
is partly burned in the form of vapour. The fabric of the
balloon may be rendered fire-proof, and the chimney for con-
ducting the heated air to the balloon is provided with a wire
spark-guard.
A special carriage is employed for transporting the balloon
and its appurtenances in readiness for inflation ; and when
inflated the balloon may be held captive to the carriage by a
wire rope.
(Drawing.)
II
62
A.D. 1874. No. 2808.
MOY, Thomas.
" FLYING MACHINE."
THIS invention relates to improvements on the invention
described in specification No. 3238 (1871).
The machine is placed at a suitable angle to the horizontal,
and the fixed aeroplanes at the hinder part of the machine,
supporting part of the weight, reduce the angle of flight as
the speed of the machine increases. The pendulum adjusts
the revolving aeroplanes, and steering may be effected by
altering the angles of the aeroplanes while in motion.
The machine can be mounted on pontoons or wheels, to
adapt them for resting on water or land when at rest.
A pendulum regulates steam or other valves, which actuate
mechanism for regulating the angle of a balancing plane,
which latter keeps the machine at the desired angle.
{Drawing.)
A,D. 1874. No. 2821.
BAGGS, Isham, (Provisional only.)
" BALLOONS."
HYDROGEN is generated in suitable generators, by the action
of hydrochloric acid or zinc.
In inflating fire»balloons the products of combustion are
caused to pass through layers of wire gauze.
Wings are attached to a framework surrounding the bal-
loon, which wings being inclined at an angle cause the
balloon to travel on an incline when rising or falling. These
wings are so balanced that they take the required angle by
the pressure of the air up or down.
A tail is employed for steering.
An arrow is shot into soft ground to anchor the balloon
when landing.
63
A.D. 1874. No. 3058.
LAKE, William Robert. {Communicated by William
Frank Browne.)
u HYDKOGEN APPARATUS."
A PORTABLE hydrogen generator is described in which steam
is passed through retorts over incandescent material, and
from thence through a condensing-coil.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1874. No. 3132.
SIMMONS, Joseph. (Provisional only.)
11 FIRE BALLOONS."
THE chimney is placed on a fire-proof seat and is attached
within the balloon.
The car is provided with wheels, and the fuel, which is con-
tained in separate vessels, is raised to the car by force-pumps.
A.D. 1874. No. 3177.
HIME, Frederick.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON.'*
THE balloon is of elongated form and supports three cars, one
below for balancing the balloon, and one at each end. A
propeller is mounted on a hollow shaft running longitudinally
through the balloon, such shaft being supported at the centre
as well as at both ends.
A rudder is employed at the bow for steering the balloon.
(Drawings.)
64
A,D. 1874. No. 3831.
WATT, Alexander. (Provisional only.)
" BALLOONS."
BALLOONS are composed of air-tight chambers in the form of
segments of a circle, or the so-called quarters of an orange.
Chambers for generating hydrogen by the action of acid
on zinc are described.
A.D. 1874. No. 3996.
ALEXANDER, Edwin Powley. (Provisional only.
Communicated by Stanislas Ludovic Brion.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
INCLINED or helicoidal wings or blades are attached round
the exterior surface of an elongated balloon, in such a manner
that on the rotation of the balloon on its longitudinal axis it
is propelled through the air.
The balloon is rotated from the car, which latter is oblong,
and is suspended from the axis of the balloon by light
frames.
The car is furnished with a screw propeller of its own, and
one or more balloons may be combined with one car.
A.D. 1875. No. 140.
CAVE, John O'Connell. (Provisional only.)
" FLYING MACHINE."
Two shafts, one mounted within the other, carry screw pro-
pellers at their upper ends. The lower propeller is of greater
size than the upper propeller, in order to overcome the down-
ward current of air caused by the rotation of the latter, or
the lower propeller may "be revolved at a greater speed.
By varying the angle of the propeller-shafts, the machine
may be propelled in any direction.
65
The steering is effected by a rudder which may also act as
a drag.
For military purposes, the machine may be actuated by a
compressed-air engine, which is supplied with compressed air
from die ground by means of a suitable tube.
A.D. 1875. No. 169.
CLARK, Alexander Melville. (Communicated by Ferdinand
Charles Honore Philippe d'Esterno.)
" KITES."
KITES are employed for suspending a person in the air for
military purposes.
The kites, which, if desired, may be provided with a frame,
are held in tension from the ground by three or more ropes
instead of one rope as has hitherto been the case.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1875. No. 289.
SIMMONS, Joseph, and MORRIS, Joseph Matthew.
(Provisional only.)
" PURIFYING GAS."
HYDBOGEN gas is purified by passing it through a mixture of
lime and water contained in a gasometer.
The gas thus purified is rendered more expansive and
lighter, and is particularly applicable to balloons.
A.D. 1875. No. 574.
BOULTON, Matthew Piers Watt.
" GENERATOR."
A GENERATOR of small weight in proportion to its power is
heated from a combustion-chamber, in which a jet of petro-
leum and a jet of oxygen meet and are burnt.
The flame thus produced is passed into a chamber where
a spray of water is playing. The spray is converted into
66
steam, which, mixed with the products of combustion, is fed
from the generator to the engine.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1875.
No. 1690.
MENIER, Jean Sebastien Anacharsis.
" BALLOONS."
THE inventor states that by the employment of aeroplanes
attached to balloons the descent or ascent may be made on
an inclined plane, thus propelling the balloon.
Eudders steer the balloon, and the car being adjustable
the centre of gravity may be changed at will.
A.D. 1875.
SIMMONS, Joseph.
" KITE."
No. 2428.
A KITE, composed of fabric strengthened by means of a net
67
and stretched on a framework, is employed for raising a car
containing an aeronaut.
The kite becomes a parachute should the rope break.
A.D. 1875. No. 2901.
BIDDLE, Daniel. (Provisional only.)
" SAILS FOE BALLOONS."
SAILS supported by a mast and yard-arms are employed for
steering balloons.
A,D. 1875. No. 2979,
McKEE, Henry. (Provisional only.)
" BALLOONS."
A HOT-AIR balloon is suspended by a wire rope to a gas
balloon, and by regulating the heat in the hot-air balloon the
ascent or descent may be effected.
A speaking-tube is employed for communicating between
the cars attached to the two balloons.
Captive balloons are kept inflated by the combustion of
gas fed up through a tube from the ground.
A.D. 1875. No. 3315.
JENSEN, Peter. (Provisional only. Communicated by
Edward Vidal.)
ic NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon is provided with two sets of fans (pro-
pellers) mounted on the same vertical axis and propelled in
opposite directions.
Similar fans are employed for propulsion, and a steam
engine is employed for working the fans, which engine is
supplied with steam generated from a mixture of carbonic
F2
68
acid with alcohol, or other appropriate substance. Buffers
are provided for landing.
This specification is not at all clear.
A.D. 1875. No. 4151.
SMYTHIES, John Kinnersley.
" FLYING MACHINE."
A VERTICAL multitubular boiler, in which liquid hydrocarbon
is employed as a heating agent, generates steam for actuating
an engine. The piston-rod of the cylinder is connected to
the inner ends of two wings which are fulcrumed on the ex-
tremities of two links, and by the rising and falling of the
piston the wings are flapped up and down.
The steam is condensed in the tail of the apparatus, whence
it is pumped back into the generator.
The wings, which are built up of overlapping feathers,
hold the air on the down stroke, but not on the up stroke.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1875. No. 4523.
SANDERSON, John George Emilius. {Provisional only.)
" PROPELLER."
SEMI-CIRCULAR or semi-oval flat surfaces are attached to a
horizontal shaft at an angle of 45°, and this apparatus is
employed as a windmill. The inventor, however, states that
it may also be employed as a propeller either in water or air.
A.D. 1876. No. 327.
BUCHANAN, John. (Provisional only.)
" PROPELLING."
AIR or gas is forced into a chamber which is heated by a
steam-jacket. The compressed air or gas thus heated expands,
and by escaping through suitable valves propels or steers a
balloon by its impact on the atmosphere.
69
A.D. 1876. No. 439.
SNOW, Josiah John. (Provisional only.}
" KITE PAKACHUTE."
A PARACHUTE is fastened to a short tube, and an elastic spring \
in the parachute tends to keep it open against a frame until
a large pressure of wind acts against the parachute.
The apparatus, being placed on a kite line, runs up same
by means of the wind acting under the parachute, but on
arriving at the desired height it is suddenly stopped, and the
extra force of the wind collapses the parachute, thus allowing
the apparatus to run back down the kite-line to the starting- J
point.
(Draiving.)
A.D. 1876. No. 2393.
EUNKEL, Marc. (Provisional only.)
" BALLOONS/'
THE altitude of the balloon is regulated by compressing the
gas into a reservoir contained in the car. By compressing
the gas the balloon descends, and by allowing the compressed
gas to escape into the balloon from the reservoir, the ascent
is effected.
The balloon is propelled by projecting a weight horizontally
from the car. The weight is connected to another weight
below the balloon by a cord, which passes over a pulley, and
the weight in being projected hoists the second weight up to
the car. When hoisted the second weight may be projected,
and in its turn effect a similar result.
70
A.D. 1877. No. 603.
MENIER, Jean Sebastien Anacharsis. (Provisional only.)
" AERIAL TOY."
AN india-rubber balloon is supplied with a bird's head, two
wings, and a tail, which being fixed to the body of the
balloon render same a self-steering aerial toy.
Balloons are to be used as mediums for advertising.
A,D. 1877. No. 924.
BALLENI, Henri, and PAYNE, John Webber.
(Provisional only.)
"NAVIGABLE BALLOON/'
WINGS or flappers are attached to a framework situated above
a balloon. The wings are worked by means of rods from the
car below, which latter is provided with a motive-power
engine. A horizontal shaft running through the balloon
carries a propeller on its rear end, and the car is provided
with a rudder for steering.
A gas generator and exhauster are employed for regulating
the pressure in the balloon.
A.D 1877. No. 1406.
MOY, Thomas.
te BOILERS AND ENGINES/'
BOILERS for aeronautical purposes are composed of a number
of fine curved tubes connecting tubular reservoirs, thus giving
a large heating surface with small amount of weight. Gas
or petroleum is employed for heating the boiler. The feed-
water is controlled by a self-acting valve.
Single-acting engines are described which have but a
small number of working parts, and as direct an action as
possible.
(Drawings.)
71
A.D. 1877. No. 1647.
WOODBURY, Walter Bentley.
" BALLOON PHOTOGRAPHY."
A PHOTOGRAPHIC camera is suspended to a balloon, which is
held captive by a rope containing three insulated wires.
A tail is provided to keep the balloon in its proper position.
A current passing up by the first wire causes a clockwork
apparatus, attached to the camera, to actuate rolls holding the
sensitive film in such a manner as to bring a fresh portion of
the film behind the lens after an exposure has been made.
A current through the second wire actuates the shutter,
and the third wire acts as the return in both instances.
A.D. 1877. No. 2313.
LAKE, William Robert. (Communicated ty Count
Antoine Apraxine.)
" BALLOONS."
AN annular balloon is mounted on a framework, and is of
sufficient size to sustain the maximum weight to be raised.
An auxiliary balloon is provided above the main balloon,
and the car is suspended from the main balloon framework.
72
A rope passes from the auxiliary balloon down through the
main balloon to the car below.
The inventor states that by pulling the small balloon down
by means of this rope a descent can be effected without loss
of gas.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1877. No. 3814.
ROGERS, Charles Ogle. (Provisional refused.
Communicated by Alfred W. Gittens.)
" AERIAL BATTERY."
A SHEET of canvas, or a sail or kite with one or more balloons,
is held captive from a suitable apparatus on the ground.
Kockets propel the apparatus ; and projectiles, explosive
bombs, and nitro-glycerine are conveyed up the rope and
dropped into hostile fortifications.
Many other suggestions are made, but not particularly
described.
A.D. 1877. No. 3974.
BRANNON, Philip.
" FLYING MACHINE."
A SUPPORTING surface, termed the " arcuate," is formed of
any discoid, inverted ship or boat shape, " or any domic or
pyramidal configuration, or other roof form, so as to act both
for ascension and propulsion by its concave inferior surface
in producing the greatest possible concentric or inward pres-
sure on the adjacent air."
Rotary propellers of various forms are shown and described,
as are also their connections and their adjustment in various
directions. Treadles and hand-wheels are in some cases pro-
vided for actuating the propeller and rudders, and their con-
nections are also described and shown in the drawings.
For short journeys stored power is employed, or the appa-
73
ratus may be worked by an air engine or steam engine, in
which a lamp-furnace, mass-furnace, flare and guard, or jury
furnace may be employed for obtaining the required heat.
An aerostat may be attached to the upper part of the
aeroplane if desired .
Many details are described to which the inventor gives his
own names, but their number is too great and their forms are
too vague for description in this abridgment.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1878. No. 513.
JACKSON, William.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
PKOPELLERS are mounted horizontally and vertically in the
car of a balloon for the purpose of propelling and regulating
its altitude. The propellers may be worked by hand or by
other suitable means or mechanical contrivances.
The balloon proper may be formed in the shape of a bird
or other design, and thus be suitable for places of amusement.
A.D. 1878. No. 939.
HEATHORN, Thomas Bridges.
" JET PKOPULSION."
BALLOONS are propelled and steered by the action of a jet of
fluid being ejected from the stern end of the car or other
74
part. The orifice through which the jet is ejected is elon-
gated or + -shaped, thus forming a flat sheet of fluid which
is more effective than a jet of a similar quantity of fluid
projected through a cylindrical orifice.
A fan or blower is employed for obtaining the draught, and
any suitable power is employed for actuating the said fan or
blower.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1878. No. 943.
ATKIN, Robert. (Provisional only.)
" AEKIAL VESSEL."
A VESSEL formed of thin metal, cane, or wood, covered with
silk, is propelled by means of propeller-blades driven by a
gas engine or other motor.
The propeller-blades are carried on a hollow shaft, through
which steam may circulate, and the vessel is steered horizon-
tally and vertically by rudders.
A.D. 1878. No. 1328.
H ADD AN, Herbert John. (Communicated ly Frederick
Augustus Lehmann and Charles RitcheL)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
THE altitude is regulated by means of a propeller mounted on
a vertical axis, and a forward or backward movement is im-
parted to the machine by a propeller mounted horizontally.
75
The latter propeller is mounted in such a manner that it
may be directed to the right or left for steering purposes.
A.D. 1878. No. 1827.
HADDAN, Herbert John. (Communicated ~by Richard
William Cowan and Charles Page.)
" NAVIGATING BALLOONS."
BALLOONS are propelled by paddle-wheels composed of a
number of paddles, which are capable of turning on their
pivots, and thus in rotating either cut through the air or
hold same. Each paddle is provided with a projection, and
on the paddles being rotated the projection comes in contact
with a bar, which turns the paddle at right angles. The
paddles are thus always feathered or edge on the wind, except
when held in position by the bar, so that on rotation they
only hold the fluid in one direction.
The paddles may be made to act in any direction by ad-
justing the bar, and thus the balloon may be propelled up or
down, or in any other direction.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1878. No. 2039.
VAUGrHAN, Edward Primerose Howard. (Communicated
by Count Antoine Apraxine.)
" BALLOONS."
Two balloons are employed together, and by regulating the
distance between them the inventor believes the altitude may
be regulated.
76
This invention is very similar to one previously described,
by the same inventor.
A.D. 1878. No. 2421.
SAMPLE, James. (Provisional only.)
" PROPELLER."
A PROPELLER for aerial machines is constructed with blades
shaped like the wings of a bird, which reduces the slip of the
propeller in the air.
A.D. 1878. No. 3228.
BREWER, Edward Griffith. (Provisional only.
Communicated by Eugene Ernest Egasse.)
" HYDROGEN GENERATOR."
VESSELS and other appliances are described for making
hydrogen gas, and the apparatus may suitably be employed
for generating hydrogen for inflating balloons.
77
It is also suggested to carry a small hydrogen generator in
the car of a balloon, for generating hydrogen to replace the
natural loss of gas.
A.D. 1878. No. 3546.
ATKIN, Robert. {Provisional only.)
" AERIAL VESSEL."
THIS provisional specification describes a similar invention to
No. 943, A.D. 1878, by the same inventor.
A sheet of drawing is added, showing screw propellers,
rudders, and a car which is attached to the vessel.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1878. No. 4104.
KESSELER, Carl. (Communicated ly Wilhelm Raydt.)
" BALLOONS."
CAPTIVE balloons are inflated from a reservoir containing
compressed gas. When the balloon is no longer required it
is drawn down and the gas is returned to the reservoir by the
help of a force-pump.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1878. No. 4268.
SMYTH, James Stewart. (Provisional only.)
" BALLOON RAILWAY."
BALLOONS are employed for supporting weights to be trans-
ported on rope railways. The balloon can either be hauled
by ropes, or advantage may be taken of a favourable wind.
78
A.D. 1878. No. 4332.
NEWBOLD, Henry. (Provisional only.}
" BALLOONS."
AUXILIARY balloons are provided connected by suitable valves
to the lower part of a main balloon. When the gas expands
it passes into the auxiliary balloons, and is thus prevented
from escaping into the air.
Hydrogen may be generated by chemical reaction.
A.D. 1878. No. 4757.
JACKSON, William.
" BALLOONS/'
THIS invention refers to further improvements on No. 513,
A.D. 1878, by the same inventor.
A free balloon is propelled and regulated in altitude by
screw propellers, it is also provided with a cannon for pro-
jecting a harpoon-like grapnel into the ground for anchoring
purposes. Canvas bags, fastened to the car, are inflated for
keeping same afloat should a descent be made at sea.
Trapezes are provided suspended to captive balloons, and a
safety net is suspended below.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1879. No. 409.
ABEL, Charles Denton. (Communicated ~by Julius von
Binzer and Eduard Bentzen.)
" PROPELLERS."
SCREW propellers for propelling bodies through air are built
up of a number of S-shaped sections, the centre of the S
forming the boss of the propeller.
(Drawings.)
79
A.D. 1879. No. 594.
BREWER, Edward Griffith. (Communicated by
Eugene Ernest Egasse.)
" HYDROGEN GENERATOR."
THIS invention is a repetition of that described by the same
inventor in his provisional specification No. 3228, A.D. 1878.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1879. No. 1207.
DILLON, Thomas Arthur.
" ELECTRIC LIGHT ON BALLOONS."
BALLOONS are employed for signalling by electric light. A
dynamo on the balloon is operated by compressed air con-
veyed to the car by means of a tube, or the compressed air
may be carried in strong receptacles.
A.D. 1879. No. 1569.
BUCKHAM, William Peruano. (Communicated by
James Stewart Smyth.)
" BALLOON RAILWAY."
WEIGHTS are transported along a rope by the aid of a balloon,
which sustains or partly sustains the said weights.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1879. No. 2229.
PEARSE, Edward Arthur.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated conical-ended balloon is constructed of sheet
copper strengthened externally by stays. A silk gas-bag is
80
provided in the interior of the copper cylinder, which bag on
being inflated expels the air from the cylinder.
A frame, having sleigh-shaped runners, carries the car,
which is suspended to the balloorrby spring attachments.
Gas engines in the car actuate a pair of screw propellers,
which, when driven at a uniform speed, drive the balloon
straight ahead, but by altering the speed of these propellers
the machine may be driven to the right or left.
The steering up or down is effected by means of an ad-
justable weight, and spirit-levels are employed to indicate
the angle of the apparatus.
The car can be adjusted in relation to the frame, and spring
buffers are employed for deadening the shock on alighting.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1879.
No. 2376.
BREAREY, Frederick William.
" FLYING MACHINE."
AN elongated body pointed at both ends contains the requisite
machinery and the passengers.
81
Flexible lever-arms extend on either side, and a flexible
spar extends from the tail end of the body. Silk or other
suitable fabric is extended from the arms and along the spar
at the tail, thus giving a large supporting surface.
Vibrations are imparted to the arms, which propel the
machine by a wave-like motion.
The inventor does not mention how the said motion is
imparted to the arms.
A.D. 1879. No. 3779.
WISE, William Lloyd. (Communicated ly William
Augustus Leg go.)
" AEROPLANE BALLOON/'
AN elongated dart-shaped aeroplane is formed of a double
skin to receive gas.
The aeroplane displaces sufficient air to nearly support its
entire weight, and also the weight of the car.
By heating an expansion- chamber the entire machine is
made to displace more air than its entire weight, and thus
has a lifting power. The centre of gravity is adjusted by
means of a moveable weight, and the angle of the aeroplane
can thus be adjusted and cause the ascending or descending
force to propel the machine ahead.
82
A.D. 1879. No. 3997.
SIMON, Henry. (Communicated by George Baumgarten.)
"NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
THE balloon is composed of four component parts, and the
car is suspended close up to the lower part of the balloon by
means of a rope, which passes through the interior to various
ropes and bands on the outer envelope.
A rope-ladder is provided up through the balloon to enable
the aeronaut to ascend to the upper part of same when desired.
The apparatus is propelled by means of a two-bladed
feathering paddle, which takes a quarter turn at each half
revolution, thus alternately holding and cutting through the
air. The altitude is regulated by means of a propeller, the
blades of which are adjustable in pitch.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1880.
No. 985.
LAKE, William Robert. (Communicated
by Albert Livingstone Blackman.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON/'
A FIRE-PROOF elongated balloon is made rigid by an internal
framework of thin metal tubing, and the interior is divided
into separate partitions. The hull of the air-ship extends the
full length of the balloon.
Propellers are employed for propelling the balloon horizon-
tally, and a propeller which can be adjusted in its angle is
employed for steering the machine in any desired direction.
83
A.D. 1880. No. 1776.
HILL, Micaiah. (Provisional only.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
A FISH- SHAPED balloon is propelled by compressed air, which
is allowed to escape by suitable orifices, situated about one
third of the length of the balloon from the head.
A flexible tail is employed for steering.
A.D. 1880. No. 4701.
BONNEVILLE, Henri Adrien. (Communicated by
Anton de Schuttenbach.)
" BALLOONS/'
BALLOONS are constructed in the form of "an open para-
chute," thus, in case of the balloon bursting, the parachute
prevents an accident occurring.
The balloon, which is constructed of several reservoirs, has
the underside of stronger material than the upper side, so
that the upper side would burst before the lower.
An air cushion is provided to deaden concussion on landing.
" Mechanics-antagonistical power " is employed for propul-
sion, obtained by helices actuated by steam-engines. (This
part of the specification is not very clear.)
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1880. No. 4839.
HIME, Frederick.
" FLYING MACHINE/'
Two sets of rods are mounted on axes on either side of a
suitable framework. The inner ends of these rods are con-
nected to the cranks situated on a common shaft running
down the centre of the machine. The rods are covered with
suitable fabric, and thus form a wing on either side.
G2
84
The cranks are arranged spirally on the shaft, which latter
in revolving imparts to the wing a wave-like motion, thus
propelling the machine.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1880. No. 4871.
STEVENSON,, Robert. (Provisional only.)
" FLYING MACHINE."
BODIES are propelled or lifted in the air by a revolving fan,
which exhausts the atmosphere in front of the machine or
above same, and thus drives it forwards or upwards.
A.D. 1881. No. 122.
MARTIN, Thomas. (Provisional only.)
" CAPTIVE BALLOON."
A SMALL balloon without a car is held captive by a rope, and
kept vertical by guys attached to its major diameter.
A balloon to carry the passengers has a light tubular guide
through same, which passQS round the captive rope of the
small balloon, and the main balloon can be let up or down
the rope by means of a guide-rope connected to the ground.
A stop may be provided to prevent the balloon ascending
too high, and the rope may be marked to indicate the height
from the ground. An adjustable clip may be employed to
arrest the balloon at any elevation on the rope.
A.D. 1881. No. 430.
CAPEL, Thomas John, and DE LA PAUZE, Alfred.
(Provisional only.)
" FLYING MACHINE/'
THE car or boat is constructed of a framework of light weld-
less steel tubing, or of bamboo, stayed or trussed together.
85
This framing is covered with oiled silk or other suitable
covering.
A large aeroplane is balanced on a mast situated in the
car, and the said aeroplane can be inclined either up or
down.
Propellers are mounted on ball-and-socket joints, and can
thus be employed for steering as well as for propelling.
The car is mounted on springs connected to wheels, and the
machine, when started on a level road, rises on the aeroplane
being inclined upwards.
A.D. 1881. No. 807.
WIRTH, Frank. (Communicated by Eduard Goehrung.)
" NAVIGATING BALLOON."
A FRAME composed of tubes carries a car and is suspended
by cords to a balloon. A shaft is mounted horizontally in the
frame, the outer ends of the shaft being bent at an angle in
the same direction. Two sleeves are provided on each end
of the shaft, the said sleeves being connected by bevil wheels
at the bent portions of the shaft, and being provided with
discs at their other ends. Four radial arms are attached to
each disc, the arms on one disc being connected to the corre-
sponding arms on the adjoining disc by blades, vanes, or
flexible material. By rotating the sleeves with their discs,
the arms, rotating on different axes, are close together at. one
part of their revolution, and far apart at the opposite portion
of their revolution.
The larger surface exposed acts more forcibly on the air
than the smaller surface, and by adjusting the bent shaft the
larger surface may be made to act in any direction, and so be
employed to propel or regulate the altitude of the balloon.
The propellers may be driven at different speeds one to the
other, and thus be employed for steering the balloon.
(Drawing.)
86
A.D. 1881. No. 1195.
BREWER, Edward Griffith. ( Communicated
by Auguste Debayeux.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon is propelled by rarefying the air in front
of same. This is done by rotating a fan at the bow of the
balloon, and any suitable power may be employed.
Auxiliary fans may be employed for governing the move-
ments of the balloon, and rudders may be employed for
steering.
By this principle of propulsion the balloon is not forced
against the wind, but a path is opened in same into which
the balloon passes without resistance.
A.D. 1881. No. 1710.
VAUGHAN, George Edward. (Communicated
by Count Antoine Apraxine.)
" BALLOONS/'
BALLOONS are regulated in their altitude without loss of
ballast or gas by the employment of ballasted or buoyed
parachutes. These parachutes by being pulled up or down
relieve the balloon of weight or lessen its lifting power.
Propellers mounted on vertical axes are also employed for
87
a like purpose, and oscillating beams, which are provided
with vanes to hold the air in one direction of the stroke but
not in the other, may also be employed.
A.D. 1881.
No. 1879.
HUTCHINSON, William Nelson.
" BALLOONS."
THE elevation of balloons is regulated by tightening the
envelope, and thus compressing the gas.
The net is extended below the balloon and drawn together
at the zone by pulleys, thus compressing the balloon.
Elongated balloons are compressed longitudinally by a rope
which pulls the balloon together telescopically.
Various other means are described for compressing bal-
loons, and vanes may be employed to prevent gyration.
(Drawings.)
88
A.D. 1881. No, 3401.
JOHNSON, John Henry. (Provisional only.
Communicated by Gaston Tissandier.)
" PROPELLING BALLOONS."
AN elongated balloon is propelled by a screw propeller, driven
by an electro-dynamic motor, which is supplied with elec-
tricity from a secondary battery. The electric spark which
is generated is enclosed by wire netting to prevent danger
from fire.
By employing electricity, the weight of the balloon
remains constant, and the danger of fire which exists in
propelling balloons by steam is obviated.
A.D. 1881. No. 3561.
VAN de KERKHOVE, Auguste Henry, and SNYERS, Theodore.
" FLYING MACHINE."
PROPULSION is effected by the impact of fluid on air or water,
which fluid escapes through an orifice, which is preferably of
conical form.
An aeroplane is connected above a long vessel which floats
on water. By propelling the vessel and setting the aeroplane
at an angle, the vessel will rise and travel through the air.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1881. No. 3691.
BLACKMAN, Albert Livingstone.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon is provided with one or more propelling
screws at each side, and a steering-screw situated either fore
or aft, or at both extremities of the balloon.
89
Machinery for changing the direction of the propellers is
provided, and a governor is employed for keeping the vessel
on an even keel.
A framework is provided to keep the balloon rigid, and the
chimney from the generator passes up through the balloon.
A.D. 1881. No. 4684.
KINNEAR, Frederick Constantine.
" SIGNALLING BALLOONS."
ELECTRIC or other lamps are attached to a framework below
a balloon, and such lamps throw light on the surface of the
balloon for advertising and signalling purposes.
Electric currents or gas may be conveyed from the ground
by wires or pipes. In free balloons the electric current is
supplied from the car.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1881. No. 4887.
EDWARDS, Edmund. ( Communicated by
Julio Cezar Ribeiro de Souza.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
A TUBULAR framework, attached to the lower part of an
elongated balloon, carries aeroplanes, a tail, a screw-propeller,
and a steam-engine for actuating the latter. The steering is
effected by raising the aeroplanes on one side of the balloon,
and depressing them on the other side.
(Drawing.)
90
A.D. 1882.
No. 31.
LAKE, William Robert. (Communicated by
Carl Wolfgang Petersen.)
" BALLOONS/'
INSTEAD of employing a valve at the top of the balloon, the
gas is ejected through the neck by compressing the balloon
by means of a reefing-line.
An aeroplane is attached between the balloon and the car
for ascending or descending on an incline; or the balloon may
be flat at top and bottom to act as an aeroplane for a like
purpose. Disc-shaped rudders are employed, and several
flat balloons may be coupled one above the other.
Gas is generated in a suitable apparatus, situated in the
boat or car, to compensate for the necessary loss of gas from
the balloon.
An indicator shows the inclination of the vessel, and a
train of air-ships may be coupled together.
{Drawing.)
A.D. 1882. No. 34.
SMYTHIES, John Kinnersley.
" FLYING MACHINE."
Two wings are fulcrumed to the sides of a light steam
carriage, and these wings are flapped up and down by the
action of a steam-cylinder.
V
91
Benzoline vapour is burnt to generate steam in a multi-
tubular boiler.
A.D. 1882. No. 1229.
LAKE, Arthur Wellesley. (Communicated ~by
Thaddeus Hyatt.)
" FLYING MACHINE/'
A FLYING machine is described in which a rotary fan is
mounted in the bow, and two small fans are mounted on
either side.
The blades of these fans, which are made of hollow
hardened rubber frame-pieces covered with silk, propel and
support the machine without the aid of a balloon or other
supporting surface.
This invention is based on a law of flight discovered by the
inventor.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1882. No. 1737.
BOTILT, Alfred Julius. (Provisional only.
Communicated by Jules Jouanique.)
" BALLOON."
THE balloon, which is preferably constructed of aluminium, is
stated to be made in three parts, though two only, the upper
and the lower, are described. The upper part is somewhat
smaller than the lower part, and these two parts are held
92
together by a gallery or framework. The lower part carries
a deck, which supports all the appliances required for a
journey.
By filling the upper part with gas, the balloon will ascend ;
and by pumping gas from the upper to the lower part, the
balloon will descend.
A rudder is provided for directing the balloon, but the
inventor does not state how this operation is performed,
except that the rudder is to be revolved.
A.D. 1882. No. 1772.
WILE.INS, Frederick. (Provisional refused.}
11 BALLOONS.'-'
TRAINS of balloons, cigar, fish, kite, cylindrical, and other
shaped, are mentioned ; which may be propelled by fins,
wings, paddles, or be pulled by horses.
Numbers of other vague improvements are suggested,
not particularly described.
A.D. 1882. No. 2509.
BOULT, Alfred Julius. (Provisional only.
Communicated by Adolph Werner.)
" BALLOONS."
BELLOWS-LIKE balloons are attached to a board, and a number
of brackets attached to the underside of the board carry
shafts with propellers.
Parachute wings and additional propeller-shafts are men-
tioned, but the invention is not very particularly described.
A.D. 1882. No. 4098.
FISHER, Joseph Alfred, and SPENCER, Charles Green.
" FIRE BALLOONS."
THE lower part of a hot-air balloon is made of asbestos, and the
93
upper part is made fire-proof by the application of a solution
of silicate of soda, tungstate of soda, or by asbestos paint.
A.D. 1882. No. 4387.
GREEN, Upfield. (Provisional only.)
" BALLOON KAIL WAY."
BALLOONS and aeroplanes are to be drawn along by means of
a drum, which takes up a rope, situated on the ground, as the
machine travels along.
A.D. 1882. No. 4585.
MAUGHAN, Benjamin Waddy, and WADDY, Samuel Banks.
" PROPELLER."
A PROPELLEE, which can be employed for aerial navigation,
has its blades adjustable in such a manner that they may be
adjusted in pitch whilst the propeller is in motion.
The surface of the blades, which are concave in form, may
be roughened to increase their efficiency.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1882. No. 4954.
TEMPLER, James. (Communicated by Henry Elsdale.)
" BALLOON PHOTOGRAPHY/'
SMALL balloons are employed to support a photographic
camera for taking views of ground below the balloon. When
94
the balloon is held captive, an electric current may be
employed to effect the exposure of the plate ; when the
balloon is free an automatic apparatus is employed.
A,D. 1882. No. 5251.
JENSEN, Peter. (Provisional only. Communicated
by Gustav Koch.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
FEATHERING paddle-wheels are arranged in recesses in a
cigar-shaped balloon, the said paddle-wheels being capable of
revolving at different speeds for steering purposes.
A number of suggestions are made which are not particu-
larly described.
A.D. 1883. No. 518.
LAKE, William Eobert. (Provisional only. Communicated
by Eugene F. Falconnet.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
THE balloon, which is elongated in form and divided into
chambers, is constructed of a metal framework covered with
a thin metal or other suitable covering. Screw propellers,
situated on the sides and also aft, are employed for propelling
the balloon, and a screw is provided at the bow for steering
purposes. •
The internal frame of the balloon is strengthened by braces,
trusses, and girders.
A.D. 1883. No. 1552.
MAUGHAN, Benjamin Waddy, and WADDY, Samuel Banks.
" FLYING MACHINE AND MOTOR."
AN engine is described which derives its power from the
combustion of solid, liquid, or gaseous explosives, the said
95
engine being of very light construction compared with the
power developed.
Two discs or wheels mounted on the same centre are made
to rotate in contrary directions by the force of explosions
acting between abutments on one wheel and valves on the
adjacent wheel. By causing a number of explosions to take
place during each revolution a steady power is obtained.
Two or more machines are employed for feeding and firing
the explosive, which latter may be composed of a chain of
gunpowder-cylinders, one cylinder being exploded at a
time.
A flying machine is described having four vertically
mounted propellers, two of which are driven in one direction
by one wheel of the motor, and the two other propellers are
driven in the contrary direction by the second wheel of the
motor.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1883. No. 1824.
DE TELESCHEFF, Nicolas.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOONS."
AN elongated balloon is made with a longitudinal channel
through same from end to end. This channel decreases in
size at about the centre of the balloon, and thus the resistance
encountered in front of the balloon is utilized to assist in
propelling same, by the expansion of the air in the rear half
of the channel.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1883. No. 2264.
SJOSTROM, PER. (Provisional refused.)
" FLYING MACHINE."
THIS machine is not very clearly described, and the inventor
96
proposes to use many appliances, which, however, he does not
particularly describe.
Screws made of frames covered with canvas are employed,
and the blades of these screws can be varied in pitch.
A.D. 1883. No. 2715.
WELLNER, Georg.
" BALLOON."
A BALLOON is made in a wedge form and provided with a neck
on its lower side. A stove is provided in the car attached to
the neck of the balloon, by which means the temperature may
be regulated for ascending or descending.
The balloon takes an inclined force by reason of its angular
form acting on the air in the ascent or descent.
A rudder is employed for steering.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1883. No. 4055.
IMRAY, Harold. ( Communicated by Edouard Oppikofer.}
" PROPELLING AERIAL MACHINES."
THE propelling force of the momentum of a moving body is
employed in aerial machines, such propelling force not taking
its point resistance from the outside air.
-The apparatus can be driven by steam or other power,
which reciprocates the weight backwards and forwards.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1884. No. 7.
SMYTHIES, John Kinnersley.
" FLYING MACHINE."
THIS machine is of the type previously patented by the same
inventor, in which two wings are flapped up and down by
the piston-rod of a steam-cylinder.
97
The wings may have a rigid front edffe and a flexible back
edge, and they are arranged to hold the air on the down
stroke, but not on the up stroke. This may be accomplished
by shortening the wing, or allowing the air to pass through
the wing, or deflecting the wing at an angle of 30° or 40°
during the up stroke, and allowing the said wing to return to
its normal position and hold the air during the down stroke.
A large tail may be employed to steady the machine, and
if made double-skinned, it may be used as a condenser to con-
dense the exhaust steam. The machine is guided by the
aeronaut changing his position and thus altering the centre
of gravity.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1884. No. 2057.
LAKE, William Robert. ( Communicated by Francois
Folacci and Paul Berlin.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
A GIRDER is suspended by means of a net from an elongated
balloon, the ends of the girder being turned up and connected
to the ends of the balloon.
Screw propellers rotate in cylindical casings situated in the
girder, and a fan, which is mounted on a universal joint at
the stern of the balloon, directs a current of air against an
adjacent surface.
98
The said fan, it is stated, assists in propelling the balloon
and the steering is effected by a double rudder operated by
steering-cords.
A.D. 1884. No. 2339.
CtUARTERMAIN, William.
" FLYING MACHINE."
A FLYING machine is actuated by a motor in which the power
of gases generated from vegetable products is employed;
thus dispensing with the weight of a separate generator.
Wings are actuated by cranks and connecting-rods to a
crank-shaft, and are feathered on their up stroke, when they
also propel the machine forward.
(Drawings?)
A.D. 1884. No. 2469.
HADDAN, Herbert John. (Communicated ~by Otto Hartung.)
"NAVIGABLE BALLOONS."
A LIGHT frame carrying the propelling screws is suspended
from an elongated balloon, and the propeller-shafts being
adjustable allow the propellers to steer as well as propel the
balloon. -
A pair of propellers are mounted on vertical axes, and turn-
tables or wheel- tracks are employed for altering the position
of the propeller-shafts.
The propeller-blades are stayed with wires to prevent their
lateral deflection.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1884. No. 2589.
CORNELIUS, William.
" FLYING MACHINE "
Two wings are fulcrumed on the free ends of a U-shaped
99
frame, and a seat is provided within the frame for the aero-
naut, whilst he actuates the wings hy handles attached to the
inner ends of their rods.
A hinged tail of an inverted trough form is attached to the
rear of the frame, and may be actuated by cords attached to
the feet of the aeronaut.
A.D. 1884. No. 2628.
SALMAN, Serkis-Bey.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON AND PABACHUTE."
A FLAT balloon is caused to travel on inclined planes in ascend-
ing and descending. The underpart of the balloon is made
with an umbrella frame, and may be employed as a parachute
without the rest of the balloon.
A rudder is employed for steering.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1884.
No. 2879.
DUFF, Robert Low.
" CAPTIVE WAR BALLOONS."
CAPTIVE war balloons are employed for attacking and defend-
ing fortifications and the like, projectiles and explosive bombs
H2
100
being conveyed up to the balloon by a rope and discharged
on to the hostile force.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1884. No. 5621.
WIETH, Frank. (Communicated by Eduard Gohrung.)
" PROPELLER."
A PROPELLER for aerial navigation is composed of a paddle-
wheel having four blades mounted on a shaft, the said blades
being partly enclosed by a casing.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1884. No. 11301.
GOWEE, Frederic Allen.
" WAR BALLOON."
THE valve at the top of a balloon is connected to a valve in a
ballast-tank by a wire in such a manner as to automatically
discharge gas or ballast in order to keep the balloon at a
predetermined altitude.
An explosive agent is released at a given time from the
balloon by the burning of a fuse.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1884. No. 11994.
HILFREICH, Francis.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon is provided with two cars, which are
connected together by means of a gangway.
Feathering paddles are attached to each car, the said paddles
being constructed of a rod having a blade at either end at
right angles one to the other.
101 { \'^ ; ;~VJ^;
These paddles are caused to revolve and also to turn on
their axes ; and the steering is effected by rotating the paddles
at different speeds.
A.D. 1884. No. 12503.
SMART, George Edward.
" PROPELLERS."
PROPELLERS with hinged blades or wings are employed for
aerial machines, the blades opening out during the power
stroke and contracting during the return stroke.
(Drawings.}
A.D. 1884. No. 13768.
PHILLIPS, Horatio Frederick.
<l BLADES FOR DEFLECTING AIR."
BLADES having curved surfaces are employed to deflect
upward the air that comes in contact with their forward edges.
< — «c
A vacuum is formed over the blades, thus aiding the air
below to support the weight.
^c.{/* JA\^: 102
A.D. 1884. No. 14038.
ARMOUR, James.
" FLYING MACHINE/'
PAIRS of wings are hinged to a spring blade and actuated by
manual power, each pair of wings consisting of a main wing
and a supplementary wing, all of which are adjustable.
A wheel-frame is provided at the lower part of the machine^
and by running the machine down hill whilst actuating suitable
treadles the machine is caused to rise by reason of the flap-
ping motion of the wings.
Several pairs of wings may be employed in one machine,
and steam or other power may be employed instead of manual
power.
{Drawings.}
A.D. 1884. No. 15023.
BOULT, Alfred Julius. (Communicated by Alplwnse Aubrde.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
Two pear-shaped balloons are connected together by a car
containing the motive power, and the propelling is performed
by oars and a screw.
A rudder is employed for steering.
103
A.D. 1885. No. 1549.
LAKE, William Robert. (Communicated ly Eugene F.
Falconnet.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
THE "frame, gas-field, hull, and cabin" of an elongated
cylindrical air-vessel is constructed of one general frame of
metal jointed and braced together. Cross-girders, bulk-
heads, posts, and braces are employed in the construction of
the frame.
The buoyancy of the air-ship is regulated by means of an
air-sack situated in the gas-holder, and the vessel is covered
with a roof provided with gutters and spouts, to protect it from
the elements.
" Wheel-houses " carry the propelling-screws, and a vertical
screw regulates the altitude of the machine. Fin-shaped
rudders are used for steering, and adjustable fans are employed
as sails when the wind is fair.
This complicated specification has 71 claims, and the draw-
ings contain 85 figures.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1885. No. 4618.
CLARK, Alexander Melville. (Communicated by Moses
Liberia Stilwell jBuckner.)
" WAR BALLOONS."
EXPLOSIVES are suspended to a frame attached to a balloon,
and clock-work or other means is provided for releasing the
explosives at a predetermined time.
The balloon may be allowed to drift, or be propelled over
the hostile force, when the explosives are released as above
stated.
(Drawing.)
104
A.D. 1885.
No. 5118.
HENDERSON, Arthur Charles. (Communicated ly Blaise
B. Bontems.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOONS."
WINGS are attached to a frame situated between a balloon
and its car, the said wings being worked by a hand-lever.
The motions of the wings are intended to imitate those of
birds, and auxiliary mechanical birds may be actuated at the
sides of the car.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1885. No. 5854.
BRUCE, Eric Stuart.
" BALLOON SIGNALLING."
ONE or more incandescence lamps are suspended within a
balloon, and an electric current is supplied to the lamps by a
105
conductor on the captive rope. By alternately breaking and
connecting the circuit the balloon is illuminated by flashes of
any required duration, or the balloon may be illuminated
continuously.
A.D. 1885. No. 7727.
BATE, Henry.
" BALLOON BAIL WAY."
ELONGATED balloons are employed with a travelling endless
rope in a balloon railway.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1885. No. 8567.
HUTCHINSON, William Nelson.
" TESTING SCREW PROPELLERS."
A MACHINE is described for gauging the push of screw
propellers intended for aerial propulsion.
The screw to be tested is mounted on a horizontal shaft,
which shaft is provided at its end with a spring indicator.
(Drawing.)
I
(
A.D. 1885. No. 9193.
OWEN, Richard George.
" FLYING MACHINE."
A FRAMEWORK is provided with a seat, and two propellers,
mounted on vertical axes at the upper part of the framework,
106
are rotated by treadles actuated by the person riding the
machine.
A.D. 1885. No. 9472.
AUSTIN, Charles Edward, and BURCHELL, William.
" PROPELLING BALLOONS."
A CASING or tube is attached longitudinally to an elongated
balloon, and within the tube a sheet of pliable elastic material
is placed, and receives a reciprocal movement. In this manner
the air is drawn in at one end of the tube and forced out at
the other, thus propelling the balloon.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1885. No. 9585.
PRESTWICH, William Henry.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOONS."
AN elongated balloon is propelled by means of a pair of
feathering paddles, which are similar in construction to those
described in specification No. 11994, A.D. 1884.
By attaching the balloon out of centre to a horizontal bar
forming the frame below the balloon, gyration is avoided.
107
The direction of the paddles may be changed for the
purpose of steering, and a rudder is employed for the same
purpose.
"Lappets/' or parachute-like wings, are attached to the
sides of the balloon to prevent a rapid descent in case of
accident.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1885. No. 11158.
WINKLER, August.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON.-"
A BALLOON is propelled by the action of escaping jets of fluid,
which exhaust the air in front of an umbrella-like surface.
This surface, which is attached to the car, is drawn forward
towards the vacuum, and the balloon may be steered by alter-
ing the direction of this propelling-apparatus.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1885. No. 14827.
LAKE, William Robert. ( Communicated by
Eugene F. Falconnet.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOONS."
THIS specification describes the construction of elongated
navigable balloons, in which a metal frame is employed within
the aerostat. The balloons are propelled and steered by screws,
and the interiors of the balloons are subdivided into several
gas-tight compartments.
(Drawings.)
108
A.D. 1885. No. 15627.
ARCHIBALD, Edmund Douglas.
" KITE-BALLOON."
A KITE is employed in combination with a captive balloon,
whereby ascents may suitably be made in windy weather.
A.D. 1886.
No. 1821.
YBARGOITIA, Felipe Modet e.
" BALLOON KAIL WAY."
A BALLOON is attached to a pair of wheels running between
two pairs of rails, situated on the ground or anchored in
water.
The rope is connected to a winch in the car of the balloon,
and springs are employed on the rope to prevent jars of the
balloon being communicated to the rails.
(Drawings.)
109
A.D. 1886. No. 1830.
WAELDE, Jacob.
" FLYING MACHINE."
A FLYING machine is propelled by a pair of revolving frames,
which carry feathering paddles. A rudder is employed for
steering, and the machine may be actuated by an electric
motor, the electric current being supplied from a stationary
dynamo-electric machine on the ground.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1886. No. 7015.
REDFERN, George Frederick. (Communicated by Joseph
Symonds Foster.)
" FLYING MACHINE."
A SEAT is attached to a frame carrying a wheel, pedals, and
two vertical screw propellers. The aeronaut rotates the
propellers by means of the pedals, and thus causes the machine
to fly.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1886. No. 7837.
MOLESWORTH-HEPWORTH, Edward Newall.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
A LONGITUDINAL spar is suspended by a net to an elongated
balloon, which latter may be subdivided or composed of a
number of small balloons enclosed in an outer envelope.
The car is suspended by rods which hang fulcrumed to the
centre of the longitudinal spar, and by means of cords, which
connect the car to the extremities of the spar, the said car can
be adjusted in position and so change the horizontal position
of the balloon. An aeroplane is attached to the spar, and the
balloon is propelled by a propeller actuated by the feet of the
110
passenger. Air is pumped into an elastic reservoir situated
in the balloon, or allowed to escape in order to keep a
uniform tension.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1886. No. 8051.
HUTCHINSON, William Nelson.
"NAVIGABLE BALLOONS."
ELONGATED balloons are provided with a tube or bar running
the full length of the balloon and along the lower surface.
By means of weights and springs this tube or bar is employed
to compress the balloon for the purpose of keeping the surface
smooth or to cause a rapid descent.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1886. No. 9452.
CLARK, Alexander Melville. (Communicated by Amedee
Mathurin Gabriel Sebillot.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon is built of metal, and is propelled by a
screw, which is actuated by a steam-motor. The heat from
the smoke-stacks of the steam-generators is fed into the
balloon for the purpose of dilating the air within the balloon,
and thus dispensing with hydrogen or other gas.
The balloon is constructed with an inner frame of nickel-
plated steel, covered with a strong envelope composed of two
sheets of asbestos with wire netting between. The balloon
may be divided into compartments, each of which may be
kept at any required temperature.
(Drawings.)
Ill
A.D. 1886.
No. 13901.
LEMMON, Sydney.
" AERIAL MACHINE."
AN aerial machine is described which may be also operated
on land or water. It is supported in the air by " balloons or
air-vessels/' and propelled by paddles worked by foot-power.
Shells may be dropped on the enemy, when an extra balloon
would be attached to support the weight of the shell.
(Dr airing.)
A.D. 1887.
No. 316.
HADDAN, Herbert John. (Communicated ly
Arthur de Bausset.}
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON/'
AN elongated balloon of cylindrical form with pointed ends
is constructed of solid steel plates, and is preferably about
414 feet long. The lifting power is obtained by producing a
vacuum in the balloon, and the propulsion is obtained by
ejecting air against the atmosphere. Aeroplanes are provided
on either side, and the car is suspended in such a manner
that it may be adjusted longitudinally below the balloon.
A.D. 1887.
No. 5644.
HUTCHINSON, William Nelson.
" PROPELLING BALLOONS."
A ROTARY 'blowing-engine is employed to project a jet of air
from a nozzle for the purpose of propelling balloons.
112
By adjusting the jet the balloon may be steered in any
direction.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1887. No. 8182.
JOHNSON, James Yate. (Communicated by
Alexandre Ciurcu.)
" JET PKOPULSION."
A COMPOUND consisting of nitrate of ammonia, petroleum, and
charcoal is burnt within a closed vessel, contained in the car
of the balloon. The gas formed by this combustion is per-
mitted to escape through a suitable orifice, and thus propel
the balloon in a contrary direction to the escape of the jet.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1887. No. 8255.
GUSTAFSON, Wald.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon supports a framework carrying a pro-
peller which is actuated by the aeronaut. The propeller may
113
be adjusted in position in order to propel or regulate the
altitude of the balloon.
Other power may be employed, and any number of persons
may assist in propelling the balloon.
A.D. 1887. No. 8386.
RIBEIRO, Joaquim Ignacio.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
Two pairs of paddles actuated by the aeronaut are employed
for propelling an elongated balloon, the paddles being set at
right angles to each other and made to alternately feather and
hold the air. This action may be adjusted so that they tend
to propel the balloon up or down, or backwards or forwards.
Two side aeroplanes, a tail, and a number of louvre flaps
are employed to steady the balloon, and the side aeroplanes
may be folded like fans.
An adjustable weight is employed for trimming the balloon.
(Drawing.}
A.D. 1887. No. 9665,
NORMAN, John James.
" INFLATING FIRE-BALLOONS."
LIQUID or gaseous fuel is fed, under pressure, to burners
situated within a hood ; it is then burnt, and the products of
combustion are fed through a pipe having a flexible joint to
the interior of a balloon.
The burner can also be suspended to the mouth of the
balloon, and be employed during ascents, when a curtain is
employed to confine the ascending heat.
(Drawing.)
114
A.D. 1887. No. 11941.
THOMPSON, William Phillips. (Communicated by
George C. Baker.)
" PROPELLING AND REGULATING."
A PROPELLER is mounted on an adjustable arm in such a
manner that it may he caused to act in any direction.
The propeller is rotated from a main driving-shaft by means
of bevel gearing.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1887. No. 15567.
LANE, Howard.
" MAKING BALLOONS/'
MATERIAL for making balloons is shaped to the desired form
by means of a spindle having tapering extremities. The
spindle is supported on anti-friction wheels, and the material
is spread on the spindle whilst it is being rotated.
A.D. 1888. No. 508.
PARKINSON, George Seaborn.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon is propelled by the reaction of three
jets of air, which are ejected from trumpet-shaped mouths
situated at the stern and on either side of the balloon.
115
The air is forced through the mouths by means of a fan
or blower, which is actuated by the aeronaut or by a suitable
motor.
A.D. 1888.
No. 4552.
APRAXIN, Count Anton.
" BALLOON BAIL WAY."
AN endless rope passes round pulleys situated on either side
of a ravine or river, and the rope is made to travel by actuating
the pulleys. Two or more balloons are attached to the rope
by rigid rods, and the balloons support the weight to be
transported.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1888.
No. 5742.
GAGGING, Giovanni.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOONS."
THE ascending or descending force of an elongated balloon is
employed to cause it to ascend or descend forward on an
inclined plane.
116
An aeroplane is attached to the zone of the balloon, and
rudders are provided for steering horizontally or vertically.
A balance-weight is suspended below the balloon to regulate
the angle of its inclination.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1888.
No. 9448.
BEUGGER, John.
"NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
THE balloon has preferably the shape of a biconvex lens, and
is distended by an internal frame composed of A-shaped rods.
The car carries two propellers, which are actuated by two
motors, and by driving the propellers at varying speeds the
balloon may be guided to the right or left, or the steering may
be performed by a rudder.
The vertical direction of the balloon is regulated by an
adjustable weight, or by increasing or decreasing the speed of
the propellers.
The lifting-power of the balloon alone is not sufficient to
cause an ascent, so that it is only when the propellers force
the machine ahead, causing the balloon to act as an aeroplane,
that flight can be accomplished.
117
A.D. 1888. No. 9725.
MIDDLETON, Henry.
" FLYING MACHINE."
A PAIR of wings, which are preferably concave on their under
surface, are flapped up and down by the piston of a cylinder
which is actuated by steam or other power.
The wings are composed of elastic ribs attached to a main
rod, which latter is fulcrumed to a link attached to the cylinder,
and its inner end is connected to the end of the piston-rod.
The wings are made to turn on the rods in order to feather
in the air.
Modifications are shown, but the construction of all the
details is not fully described.
(Drawings.}
A.D. 1888. No. 10937.
FABINI, Guillermo Antonio, and BALDWIN, Thomas Scott.
" PARACHUTE."
A FLEXIBLE parachute is made mushroom-shaped with a hole
at the top for the passage of air.
118
Cords are sewn on the seams, and a cord is also sewn round
the lower edge of the parachute.
A.D. 1888. No. 11354.
LORRAIN, James Grieve.
" ELECTRICAL PROPULSION."
ELECTRO- STATIC motors, which influence machines of the
" Wimshurst" type, are employed for propelling aerial vessels,
and the electricity is supplied from a primary battery consisting
of a large number of small cells.
In cases where the electro-motor is on a captive balloon,
the current may be conveyed from apparatus on the earth.
A screw which is employed for propelling may also steer
the machine.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1888. No. 12736.
HILFREICH, Francis.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
THIS specification describes a balloon which is substantially
identical with the one described in specification No. 11994
A.D. 1884, by the same inventor.
Screw propellers are mounted at the front of the cars to
facilitate ascending and descending.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1888. No. 14610.
MONTEITH, Joseph.
" BALLOON RAILWAY."
ELONGATED balloons are provided with an electric motor for
actuating screws for propelling and regulating the altitude.
119
Electricity is supplied from a carriage running on an in-
sulated railway-track, the current passing through the rails.
Several arrangements of propellers and balloons are shown.
A.D. 1889. No. 47.
WORMS, James.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN aeroplane is attached to the underside of an elongated
balloon, the connecting-cords being continued down to support
120
the car. A motor is provided in the car for actuating a pair
of wings, and a weight is adjusted below the aeroplane to
regulate the angle of the balloon.
The ascent is effected by working the wings, and a forward
motion is obtained by placing the weight in front of the
apparatus, thus causing the descent to be made on an inclined
plane.
By moving the weight to one side the machine may be
steered horizontally.
A.D. 1889. No. 1671.
EDWARDS, Edmund. (Communicated by Jean
Joseph Gloton.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon of the form of a haystack is constructed
of metal plates rivetted and soldered together.
Vertical screws are employed for regulating the altitude,
and a horizontal screw is mounted at the stern for propelling.
Two rudders are pivotted in the stern for steering purposes.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1889. No. 3360.
CRAIG, John.
" FLYING MACHINE."
A FRAMEWOEK of wood or of metal tubing is covered with cloth ;
above this framework two propellers are mounted on vertical
axes, and naphtha turbines are mounted below the frame for
driving the propellers.
No mechanism is provided for horizontal propulsion, though
a rudder is shown for steering the machine.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1889.
No. 3957.
121
BASTAED, William John.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON.
THE balloon, which is elongated in form, is contained in a
frame consisting of upper and lower longitudinal rods and
circumferential ribs. The interior of the balloon is subdivided,
and an elastic pocket is provided below for the reception of
the overflow gas.
Two propellers are mounted on either side for propelling
the balloon, and these propellers are actuated by the aeronauts,
and may be partly worked by wind-fans mounted at the top
of the balloon.
Rudders are mounted at the bow and stern for steering
purposes, and a line connects these two rudders in such a
manner that they may be actuated simultaneously.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1889.
DALE, William Buncombe.
" BALLOON PARACHUTE."
No. 4301,
VALVES are fitted at the neck and at the top of a balloon,
122
Two guide-cords descend through the balloon from the top
valve to the ring, and the lower valve is free to travel on these
guide-cords. The upper valve is constructed of netting,
covered with gas-proof material, and by pulling the above-
mentioned material away the gas escapes, and the force of
air caused by the rapid descent causes the lower part of the
balloon to rise inside the upper part, and thus form a parachute.
A.D. 1889. No. 4811.
RIECKERT, Herman August Julius, and RIECKERT, Albert
Emil Karl.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon is composed of three compartments,
situated one above the other, the lower compartment being
strengthened by a strong wooden framework. The second
compartment is attached to the upper surface of the lower
one, and the third compartment is situated above the second
and shifts its position according to the direction of the wind.
A fan or propeller is driven by treadle mechanism, and the
passengers are provided with seats within a closed car. Four
boats are carried below the car for supporting the apparatus
should a descent be made on water.
123
A.D. 1889. No. 6419.
CHAMBERS, Jesse Mary.
" PROPELLING BALLOONS."
BALLOONS are to be propelled by the reaction of jets of air
which are forced by means of two pairs of bellows attached
to the sides of the car.
The sides of the bellows may act as wings, and by adjusting
the said bellows the balloon may be propelled in any direction.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1889. No. 7427.
ZIMER, Frederick William.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon having a concave under surface is pro-
pelled by a screw propeller actuated by treadle mechanism.
The underside of the balloon is made rigid by means of
metal tubing, and the upper part of the balloon is kept to the
required shape by thin bands of steel ribbon. The fabric of
the balloon is held down onto the frame by means of cords,
and by loosening these cords the fabric forms a parachute.
The car, which is elongated and very deep, is mounted on
a keel attached to the underside of the balloon, on which keel
it is free to slide, the centre of gravity of the balloon being
thus adjusted.
124
The propeller-blades are composed of tubular framework
covered with canvas, and the steering is effected by means of
rudders.
A.D. 1889. No. 11108.
ROBINSON, George.
" AERIAL MACHINE."
A RECTANGULAR box has gas-bags attached to two of its sides
and " hinged elevators " attached to its ends.
A gas-engine in the box rotates two shafts having screw
propellers at both ends.
This specification is very vague, the utility of several parts
not being described.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1889. No. 12320.
THAYER, David.
" KITES."
A NUMBER of kites, with or without balloons attached at the
rear of same, are employed for elevating passengers, &c., in
the air, and also for towing vessels over land or water. Con-
trolling lines are connected to the sides of the kites in order
to control the direction of the kites as may be required.
By connecting a balloon to the upper part of a kite the
failure of wind will not cause it to descend.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1889. No. 13207.
DAVIDSON, George Louis Outrani.
" AERIAL MACHINE."
AN elongated balloon is attached above a ' body surface," to
125
which latter the car is attached, and to which two wings and
bow and stern rudders are pivotted.
The " power of the attraction of the earth " is employed as
a means of propulsion.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1889. No. 14737.
OTTO, Edward Charles Frederick, and OTTO, Edward Charles
Frederick (Junior).
" NAVIGATING BALLOONS AND FLYING MACHINES."
BALLOONS and flying machines are to be propelled and sus-
tained, partially or wholly so, by three distinct arrangements of
mechanism.
1. By employing feathering paddles, which are made to
revolve and only hold the air on one quarter of their revolution.
The paddles, of which there are four in each set, are con-
structed on the principle described in the abridgement of
No. 11994, A.D. 1884, and by rotating the sets of paddles at
varying speeds the direction of the balloon may be varied.
Mr. Otto, who is the inventor of the bicycle which bears his
name, seems to have embodied some of the details of his
bicycle invention in this specification on aeronautics.
2. The second arrangement describes a pair of wings which
are actuated by the direct action of a piston-rod, the said wings
cleaving the air when moving upwards and forwards, and
employing their full acting surface in the downward motion.
3. The third propelling arrangement consists of a chamber
having its rear end open to the atmosphere, through which
opening periodical sudden discharges of steam are forced.
The car is adjustable longitudinally below the balloon, and
side aeroplanes are employed either with or without a balloon.
(Drawings.)
126
A.D. 1889.
No. 16883.
MAXIM, Hiram Stevens.
" FLYING MACHINE."
THE object of this invention is to construct a flying machine
having great power, effectually expended ; and every part of
the machine is constructed as lightly as possible, consistent
with the necessary strength.
An aeroplane, composed of tubes covered with fabric, is
pivotted to the main frame in such a manner that it may be
adjusted, up or down, to any required angle.
Two propellers, constructed of spokes covered with silk,
are mounted side by side on the frame below the aeroplane,
127
and by driving these propellers at varying speeds the machine
may be steered to the right or left.
The propellers are driven by separate engines, supplied with
steam from a boiler composed of comparatively large tubes
connected together by tubes of very small diameter, thus
giving a large heating surface ; and the heating of such
boiler is effected by the combustion of vaporized hydrocarbon.
A condenser, composed of flat tubes, is situated in the
aeroplane, or the aeroplane may act as a condenser itself if
constructed of two skins ; thus the necessity of carrying a
large quantity of water for the boiler is obviated, as by means
of the condenser the water may be used over and over again.
The speed of the engines may be regulated by barometric
means, thus enabling the machine to be kept at any required
altitude, as by increasing the speed of the propellers the
machine will rise, and by decreasing the speed the machine
will descend.
The machine is started on rails, one pair of rails being
below the wheels and another pair a short distance above them.
By running the machine along, it can be noticed whether the
wheels run in contact with the upper or the lower pair of rails,
and the required inclination of the aeroplane may thus be
ascertained before the apparatus rises in the air.
A modification of the invention is described, in which the
aeroplane is fixed to the main frame, and auxiliary aeroplanes
are pivotted at the bow and stern for the purpose of steering
the apparatus vertically.
The framework of the machine is built of steel tubes,
trussed together, with the object of gaining the greatest amount
of strength with the smallest expenditure of weight.
There are 35 claims and 12 sheets of drawings to this
specification.
A.D. 1889. No. 18952.
HOWSON, William.
" WAR BALLOONS."
BALLOONS are employed for conveying and automatically dis-
128
charging shells of either illuminating, asphyxiating, or ex-
plosive capacity. The shells on being discharged allow of
an escape of gas from the balloon by actuating a valve by
means of a connecting-cord.
A telescopic valve is described, as well as various construc-
tions of shells and means for discharging same.
Shells may be conveyed on the captive rope of a balloon
by means of auxiliary balloons, and torpedoes may be employed
in conjunction with balloons.
Various warlike manoeuvres are described.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1889. No. 19209.
TIELKE-ALLAN, Francis Henrick.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
THIS inventor has adopted the plan described in specification
No. 2154, A.D. 1856, in which the balloon is provided with a
helical worm or blades, and by rotating the balloon it forms
its own propeller.
In the particular arrangement described, two horizontal
balloons are mounted on a shaft, and the car is suspended
from the centre of the shaft between the balloons. The
balloons are rotated by gearing from the car, and they may
be subdivided into compartments.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1890. No. 4647.
RADOTINSKY, Josef.
" BALLOON."
BALLOONS are made in two chambers, the upper one, which
is in the shape of an inverted heart, being made of the
ordinary fabric, and the lower chamber being constructed of
129
aluminium, so as to form a rigid case. By pumping gas
from the upper chamber into the lower one, the balloon is
caused to descend, whilst by allowing gas to return to the
upper chamber an ascent is effected. A cord which is attached
to the upper part of the balloon is drawn down when the gas
is being withdrawn, for the purpose of preventing damage
being caused to the balloon whilst making the descent.
A rudder is provided for steering, and a propeller is also
shown, though no particular means for actuating same is
described.
A.D. 1890.
No. 5404.
GREY, Ernest Howard.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
THE balloon is constructed of a framework of wire or bamboo,
covered with silk, and the interior is divided into separate
compartments.
130
A frame which is attached to the balloon carries a saddle,
treadle mechanism, and a propeller, and the aeronaut is thus
enabled to propel the balloon.
A.D. 1890.
No. 8816,
HARRIS, Henry Marmaduke.
" AERIAL MACHINE/'
THIS machine is built in the shape of a boat, and compart-
ments are provided at the bow and stern for containing gas.
A blast is blown through a funnel, which being adjustable
enables the vessel to be steered. A balloon is fastened to the
vessel to assist and control the ascent and descent.
(Drawing.)
A D. 1890.
No. 11455.
CAIRNCROSS, Stewart.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
A RECTANGULAR framework covered with a light glazed
material forms the lower part of a balloon ; and at the centre
of this frame two pendulum arms are fulcrumed, at the lower
ends of which arms a car is attached.
A propeller is mounted on a horizontal shaft situated on
the frame below the balloon, the said shaft being actuated by
the aeronaut through gearing communicating with treadle and
hand mechanism in the car. A rope is fastened to the bow
131
of the frame and thence over a pulley in the car to the stern
of the frame. By rotating the pulley, the car is adjusted in
position below the balloon, and thus enables the balloon
and propeller to be regulated in position up or down.
A.D. 1890.
No. 12349.
GRIFFITHS, Thomas, and BEDDOES, Thomas
Henry Willoughby.
" JET PROPULSION."
GASES or explosives are ignited within a tube, where they
expand, and in escaping against the outer atmosphere cause
the propulsion of the aeronautic machine to which the
apparatus is attached.
(Drawing.)
K 2
132
A.D. 1890.
No. 13099.
HUELSER, Charles. (Communicated by Sophus
Hartmann and Max Nathan.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON/'
AN elongated balloon is provided with a longitudinal frame-
work, on each side of which are mounted frames carrying
valve flaps. These frames are reciprocated backwards and
forwards, the valve flaps closing and opening alternately,
thus propelling the balloon.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1890.
No. 13311.
MOORE, Ross Franklin.
" FLYING MACHINE."
THIS machine is constructed in imitation of a bat, with a
frame below for carrying the driving-power and the load.
The wings, which are made of a bamboo, steel, or aluminium
frame covered with gold-beater's skin, silk, or light cloth, are
made to oscillate, and are given a rocking motion.
The machine can receive an electric current from lines on
the ground, and thus dispense with the weight of batteries.
The drawings accompanying this specification are simply
diagrammatic views.
133
A.D. 1890. No. 15332
BOULT, Alfred Julius. (Communicated by Wilhelm Ellingen.)
" BALLOON RAILWAY."
A CABLE is placed loosely on the ground between two points
where a balloon is required to travel, and the cable is passed
\ifupi]/
over a pulley situated in the car of the balloon. The pulley
is rotated by an electro-motor in the car and thus draws the
balloon along in the direction of the rope.
A.D. 1890.
No. 15850.
WELLS, Clara Louisa.
" BALLOON RAILWAY."
BALLOONS are connected to a ring running on a line, which
ring is drawn from place to place by ropes actuated by a
stationary engine.
The description is most vague, and suggestions are made
for its application to travelling by land or sea, and also for
training of birds to aid the balloons.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1890.
No. 20435.
134
PHILLIPS, Horatio Frederick.
" FLYING MACHINE."
THIS invention is based upon a previous invention, No. 13768,
A.D. 1884, by the same inventor, in which he described the
use of blades having convex upper surfaces. By giving these
blades a rapid forward motion, a partial vacuum is formed
above, thereby giving them a lifting power.
According to this present invention a number of these
blades are placed one above the other in a frame, and two or
more of these frames are attached to the upper part of a body
which is propelled by apparatus not described or shown.
A.D. 1890.
No. 21241.
HUTCHINSON, William Nelson.
" BALLOONS/'
SALMON-SHAPED balloons are to have their upper halves
constructed of thin metal, with a ridge running along the
centre to throw off snow.
135
A.D. 1891. No, 1555.
SINCLAIR, William Houston.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon is constructed of bamboo-canes covered
with air-proof fabric. A pair of paddles, actuated by any
suitable power, are employed for propelling, and the feathering
blades of such paddles may be on light tubular-steel frames
acting as Venetians covered with strong silk. " The lowest
deck is 96 feet long, and the balloon is divided into three
parts."
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1891. Na. 1943.
HUTCHINSON, William Nelson.
" BALLOONS/'
BALLOONS of various forms are made of sheet metal,
strengthened internally by struts abutting against ribs
attached to the interior.
Air is withdrawn through holes in the lower part of the
balloon, and hydrogen is admitted at the upper part, the
interior openings of these outlets and inlets being protected
by discs, to prevent the air mixing with the hydrogen
through agitation.
A.D. 1891. No. 4090.
MUNNS, William Henry. ( Communicated ly William
WillsJiire Riley.)
" APPLICATION or BALLOON."
A BALLOON is attached to the top of a tubular mast of a boat,
and gas is supplied to the balloon from compressed gas
reservoirs in the boat.
The balloon keeps the boat afloat in case of it becoming
filled with water, and it also acts as a sail to attract the
attention of passing ships.
(Drawings.)
136
A.D. 1891.
No. 4485.
NAHL, Perham Wilhelm.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON.-"
AN elongated balloon, constructed in separate compartments,
is provided with an aeroplane on either side, which increase
in width towards the stern. Two propellers, one on either
side of the halloon, are actuated by electric motors, which are
supplied with electricity from secondary batteries. The
propellers with their motors are mounted on a shaft, which
enables their position to be adjusted by means of a hand
wheel. A rod which is fulcrumed below the balloon carries a
hollow ball at its lower end containing sand, and by adjusting
this rod forward or backward the angle of the balloon may
be adjusted. By opening a valve at the lower part of the
ball, sand may be discharged from same and thus serve the
purpose of ballast.
A.D. 1891.
No. 8142.
BOULT, Alfred Julius. ( Communicated by Arthur
de Bausset.)
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON/'
AN elongated metal balloon is given the necessary ascentional
force by creating a more or less complete vacuum within
137
same. The balloon, which is constructed of thin steel plates,
is strengthened by an internal framework, and the inventor
considers 738 ft. long and 144 ft. diameter to be suitable
dimensions.
Aeroplanes, inclined downwards at an angle of about 45°,
project from either side of the balloon.
A car is suspended below the balloon and is adjustable
longitudinally, thus regulating the angle of the apparatus.
An exhaust fan is employed to propel the machine by the
impact of a current of air, and by adjusting the outlet the
direction of propulsion may be controlled at will.
This invention is very similar to No. 316, A.D. 1887, by
the same inventor.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1891. No. 11212.
NEWTON, Alfred Vincent. (Communicated by Alfred Nobel.)
" MOTIVE POWER."
A LIGHT motive power is obtained by the decomposition of
water or other liquid within a closed vessel, through the
action thereon of metallic sodium, potassium, finely-divided
manganese or other metals having a like affinity for oxygen.
The hydrogen which escapes is employed to work an engine
for driving a balloon, or a jet in escaping into the atmosphere
may be employed for direct propulsion by means of its
repulsive power.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1891. No. 12403.
FYERS, William Augustus.
" BALLOON/'
A BALLOON is made in the form of a ring so that it will not
obstruct the car in the event of a descent at sea. The car,
which may be covered with waterproof canvas, is suspended
close up to the balloon, and by dividing the said balloon into
138
separate compartments the danger from bullets in time of war
is obviated.
A second car may be suspended below the above men-
tioned car.
A.D. 1891.
No. 12669.
EDWARDS, Edmund. ( Communicated ~by Ludwig
Hohrmann.)
11 BIRDS-EYE PHOTOGRAPHY."
A ROCKET or projectile, containing a camera attached to a
parachute, is projected over the place to be photographed.
On arriving over the desired spot the rocket or projectile
explodes, thereby liberating the camera and parachute, which
may be drawn back by a cord after the exposure of the
negative.
139
A.D. 1891. No. 13311.
PHILLIPS, Horatio Frederick.
" FLYING MACHINES/'
BLADES or sustainers (i. e. aeroplanes) are made with a
convex upper surface, and a lower surface concave in front
and convex towards the rear end. The convex underpart
prevents the formation of an eddy below the front portion of
the aeroplane.
A.D. 1891. No. 14742.
MOY, Thomas.
" GOVERNING AERIAL MACHINES."
Two appliances are described for governing aerial machines,
the movement of which is regulated by the action of a
pendulum.
In the first apparatus, two idle toothed wheels are rotated
by contact with right and left screws, situated on a sleeve
sliding on a rectangular shaft. The two toothed wheels are
mounted in sliding bearings which are pressed towards each
other by springs ; and a pendulum having a cross arm at its
upper part is suspended from a point between the wheels.
On the pendulum swinging, one end of the cross arm takes
into one of the toothed wheels and clamps it, thus throwing
it out of gear with the other wheel. The sleeve now moves
along the rectangular shaft, taking with it a lever which
actuates a plane or rudder, thus correcting the angle of the
machine.
In the second arrangement, a pendulum is connected to a
toothed lantern wheel, which tends to turn in one direction,
and is held between projecting pins on the surface of two
140
segments keyed to a shaft. On the pendulum swinging out
of the vertical position, it throws the lantern wheel towards
one segment, thus freeing it from the other and turning the
segment. The shaft is thus turned, which in its turn actuates
rudders for controlling the machine.
(Drawings.)
A.D. 1891. No. 16033.
GRIFFITHS, Thomas, and BEDDOES, Thomas
Henry Willoughby.
" BALLOON/'
AN aerial raft is composed of a closed or covered vessel
having a convex under surface, and a flat or concave upper
surface.
Tubular chambers are attached to the upper part of the
raft and filled with gas to give buoyancy to the apparatus.
A well, constructed of lattice work, is formed in the centre
of the vessel for the accommodation of the aeronaut, and the
apparatus is propelled by the reaction of escaping jets of
fluid.
(Drawing?)
A.D. 1891. No. 19228.
MAXIM, Hiram Stevens.
" FLYING MACHINE/-'
THIS specification refers to improvements on a previous
patent No. 16883, A.D. 1889, by the same inventor.
The chief objects of the invention are, to improve the
construction of framework, to increase the efficiency of the
boiler and the engines, and to maintain the machine on an
even keel.
The frame of the machine is constructed of metal tubes
braced together, the aeroplane being connected to the floor
141
carrying the generator by two main side trusses and trans-
verse tubes and stays.
Rudders situated at the bow and stern are connected
together by crossed wires, which cause them to move simul-
taneously with a common effect, both tending to guide the
machine either up or down ; and these rudders may be
actuated by a cylinder which is automatically controlled by a
gyrostat.
The steam from the exhaust is fed to a condenser situated
in the aeroplane, the fluid returning to a force pump, which
resupplies it to the generator.
A tubular generator is described, in which ether or gasoline
is employed instead of water ; and engines for driving the
propellers are also described.
The screw propellers are two-bladed, and are built up of
strips of wood cemented together and strengthened by metal
clamps or flanges.
There are 32 claims and 12 sheets of drawings to this
specification.
A.D. 1891. No. 19245.
BREWER, William John.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON/'
AN elongated balloon is enclosed in a framework, and a car
having side aeroplanes is suspended below.
142
Propellers are mounted vertically above the balloon on the
framework for altering the altitude, and horizontal propellers
are employed for steering.
Seats are arranged in the framework to enable the aeronauts
to leave the car and let same fall from the balloon in case of
accident, thus dispensing with much weight.
(Drawing.)
A.D. 1891. No. 20032.
HUTCHINSON, William Nelson.
" BALLOONS."
A LONG steel tube passes longitudinally through a balloon and
serves the double purpose of a "back-bone"" and a steam
condenser for the generator.
A.D. 1891. No. 21580.
LE COMPAGNON, Armand, FAUCILLON, Zelie (Vve), DUBOIS,
Georges Joseph Prosper, and ROYAUX, Emile Aleide.
" NAVIGABLE BALLOON."
AN elongated balloon, preferably composed of several com-
partments, is enclosed in a framework, which enables the
whole apparatus to move steadily through the air.
The propeller, wings, or screw-blades are fixed to the sides
of the framework, and are preferably actuated by a gas-engine
supplied with gas from the balloon itself.
The car, which is formed of a light rectangular structure,
is fastened to a shaft hanging from the balloon frame and is
held in position by stays.
(Drawing.)
143
A.D. 1891. No. 21885.
MIDDLETON, Henry.
" FLYING MACHINES."
ONE, two, or three pairs of wings are employed to sustain
and propel the machines mentioned in this specification ; but
as the inventor does not confine himself to the particular
description of one machine, it is impossible to describe the
numbers of machines and their modifications in a work of the
concise nature of this volume.
A screw propeller is sometimes employed to assist in
propelling the machines.
In some of the machines the engines which actuate the
wings are rocked on trunnions, to impart a to-and-fro motion
to the wings.
Several kinds of tubular and other steam generators are
mentioned, and a generator having air heated by chemical
combination with some liquid or solid is also vaguely
described.
There are 10 claims to this rambling specification.
(Drawings.)
145
NAME-INDEX.
Abel, C. D 1124 1869
„ 409 1879
Aldborough, Earl of 224 1854
1224 1854
, 625 1855
2062 1856
1054 1857
Alexander, E. P 3996 1874
Andrews, S 3283 1865
Apraxine, A 2313 1877
„ 2039 1878
„ 1710 j88i
„ 4552 1888
Archibald, E. D 15627 1885
Armour, J 14038 1884
Atkin, 11 943 1878
„ „ 3546 - 1878
Aubree, A 15023 1884
Austin, C. E., and another 9472 1885
3, I 2821 1874
Baker, G. C 11941 1887
Balboni, P 2483 1857
Baldwin, T. S., and another 10937 1888
Balleni, H., and another 924 1877
Ballian, S.-B 2628 1884
Bastard, W. J 3957 1889
Bate, H 7727 1885
L
146
Baudouin, A., and another 1982 1864
Baumgarten, C 3997 1879
Beddoes, T. H. W., and another 12349 1890
16033 1891
Bell, H 12337 1848
Bentzen, E., and another 409 1879
Bertin, P., and another 2057 1884
Beugger, J 9448 1888
Biddle, D 2901 1875
Blackman, A. L 985 1880
3691 1881
Boboeuf, P. A. F 759 1854
Bonneville, H. A 2208 1865
„ 4701 1880
Bontems, B. B 5118 1885
Boult,A. J 1737 1882
2509 1882
, 15023 1884
„ 15332 1890
„ „ 8142 1891
Boulton, M. P. W 2489 1866
2809 1866
696 1867
392 1868
and another 1005 1868
574 1875
Boyman, E. B 1155 1860
„ 1497 1866
„ 3262 1866
„ 2223 1867
1881 1868
„ 623 1870
„ 944 1871
Brannon, P 3272 1870
„ ,, 3974 1877
Brearey, F. W 2376 1879
Brewer, E.G 3228 1878
594 1879
„ „ H95 1881
Brewer, W. J. . .. , 19245 1891
Bright, H 2330 1859
147
Brion, S. L 3996 1874
Brooman, R. A 591 1864
2030 1864
Brown, D. S 155 1852
„ •• 2529 1861
,, „ 411 1872
„ „ 2346 1873
Browne, F. W , 3058 1874
Browne, J 12452 1849
Browne, J. C 4279 1873
Bruce, E. S 5854 1885
Buchanan, J 327 1876
Buckhan, W. P 1569 1879
Buckner, M. L. S 4618 1885
Burchell, W., and another . 9472 1885
Butler, J. W 1143 1866
„ „ 2115 1867
Cairncross, S 11455 1890
Capel, T. J., and another 430 1881
Carlingford, Viscount 2993 1856
Carmien, P. J" 867 1863
„ 748 1864
Cave, J. O'C 140 1875
Chambers, J. M 6419 1889
Ciurcu, A 8182 1887
Clair, J. E. M. J 1581 1857
Clark, A. M. 169 1875
„ „ 4618 1885
9452 1886
Clark, W 1982 1864
„ „ 3283 1865
Coignard, L 1114 1860
Cornelius, W 2589 1884
Courtemanche, R 2031 1871
Couturier, C. E. F 2030 1864
2208 1865
Cowan, R. W., and another 1827 1878
Craddock, T 1982 1867
Craig, J 3360 1889
Crestadoro, A 1786 1862
L2
148
Crestadoro, A 1815 1868
Curtis, W. J 1136 1855
Dale, W. D 4301 1889
Dartiguenave, P. G 1334 1854
Davidson, G. L. 0 13207 1889
Davies, G 298 1864
De Bausset, A 316 1887
„ 8142 1891
Debayeux, A 1195 1881
D'Esterno, F. C. H. P 298 1864
169 1875
De la Pauze, A., and another 430 1881
De Manara, H 143 1853
De Normandy, A. R. L. M 395 1853
De Saint Martin, H. R 3284 1863
De Schuttenbach, A 4701 1880
De Souza, J. C. R, 4887 1881
De Struve, G., and another , 2299 1864
De Telescheff, K, and another 2299 1864
„ 1824 1883
De Yogt, H. C 81 1874
Dillon, T. A 1207 1879
Dubois, G. J. P., and others 21580 1891
Duff, R. L 2879 1884
Duthu, J. B 3076 1872
Edwards, E., and another 2155 1867
„ 4887 1881
„ 1671 1889
„ 12669 1891
Egasse, E. E 3228 1878
„ 594 1879
Egg, D., and another 3909 1815
Ellingen, W 15332 1890
Elsdale, H 4954 1882
Falconnet, E. F 518 1883
1549 1885
14827 1885
Farini, G. A., and another 10937 1888
55 J5
55 »5
149
Faucillon, Z., and others 21580 1891
Fisher, J. A., and another 4098 1882
Fleury, A 3309 1873
Folacci, P., and another 2057 1884
Foster, J. S 7015 1886
Francis, G. G 13841 1887
Fyers, W. A 12403 1891
Gaggino, G 5742 1888
Gaveau, J. C 4255 1873
Gedge, W. E 867 1863
748 1864
Giffard, H 466 1867
„ „ 3036 1867
Gittens, A. W 3814 1877
Gloton, J. J 1671 1889
Godard, E 2959 1863
Goehrung, E 807 1881
Gohrung, E. 5621 1884
Goucher, J 2397 1867
Gower, F. A ' 11301 1884
Green, U 4387 1882
Grey, E. H 5404 1890
Griffiths, T., and another 12349 1890
16033 1891
Grylls, H. W 3677 1868
Gustafson, W 8255 1887
Haddan, H. J 1328 1878
„ 1827 1878
„ ..-• 2469 1884
„ 316 1887
Haenlein, P 930 1865
„ „ 821 1872
Hammant, W 1666 1868
Hammond, T. R 2245 1864
Harris, H. M 8816 1890
Harte, R 1469 1870
Hartmann, S., and another 13099 1890
Hartung, 0 2469 1884
Heathorn, T. B 939 1878
150
Henderson, A. C 5118 1885
Henry, M 1114 1860
„ „ 466 1867
„ „ 3036 1867
Henson, W. S 9478 1842
Hilfreich, F 11994 1884
„ 12736 1888
Hill, M 1776 1880
Hime, F 3177 1870
„ „ 4839 1880
Howson, W 18952 1889
Huelser, C., and another 13099 1890
Hullett, J ' 568 1868
Hunt, B 2031 187 1
Hunter, J. M 2680 1868
Hutchinson, W. IS" 1879 1881
8567 1885
8051 1886
i 5644 1887
21241 1890
„ 1943 1891
20032 1891
Hyatt, T. , . 1229 1882
Imray, H 4055 1883
Imray, J., and another 1005 1868
Jackson, W 513 1878
„ •• 4757 1878
Jacob, J 593 1861
„ „ 2377 1861
James, W. H 492 1861
Jensen, P 3315 1875
„ 5251 1882
Johnson, J. H 179 1853
„ -.'. 206 1855
3401 1881
Johnson, J. Y. 8182 1887
Jouanique, J. 1737 1882
Kaut'mann, J. M. 473 1867
151
Kaufmann, J. M 1525 1867
Kesseler, C 4104 1878
Kinnear, F. C 4684 1881
Koch, G 5251 1882
Lake, A. W 1229 1882
Lake, W. E 3058 1874
„ „ 2313 1877
985 1880
„ 31 1882
„ „ 518 1883
„ 2057 1884
„ ". 1549 1885
„ 14827 1885
Lane, H 15567 1887
Laroche, L. P 1953 1865
Lassie, J. B. J 2154 1856
Le Compagnon, A., and others 21580 1891
Leggo,W. A 3779 1879
Lehmann, F. A., and another 1328 1878
Lemmon, S. 13901 1886
Livchak, J 2162 1868
Lorrain, J. G 11354 1888
Liideke, J. E. F. ...j 2028 1863
Luff, H. J 2447 1854
McKee, H 2979 1875
Marriott, F 2827 1869
Martin, M 2776 1873
Martin, T 122 1881
Masey, P. E 412 1868
Maughan, B. W., and another 4585 1882
1552 1883
Maxim, H. S 16883 1889
19228 1891
Menier, J. S. A .'.. 1144 1874
1690 1875
603 1877
Mennons, M. A. F 2299 1864
Michel, M 1769 1869
Middleton, H. ... 9725 1888
152
Middleton, H 21885 1891
Moat, W. C 9856 1843
Molesworth-Hepworth, E. N. 7837 1886
Monteith, J 14610 1888
Moore, E. F 13311 1890
Morris, J. M., and another 289 1875
Morse, E. C 4154 1873
Moy, T., and another 3238 1871
„ » 2808 1874
„ „ 1406 1877
,, „ 14742 1891
Munns, W. H 4090 1891
Nahl, P. W 4485 1891
Nathan, M., and another 13099 1890
Nelson, J. E 2229 1867
Newbold, H 4332 1878
Newton, A. Y 11212 1891
Newton, W. E 11578 1847
„ 2959 1863
1987 1868
Nobel, A 11212 1891
Noble, W. H 2827 1869
Norman, J. J 9665 1887
Oppikofer, E 4055 1883
OsseUn, A. F 728 1871
Otto, E. C. F., and another 14737 1889
Otto, E. C. F., Jun., and another 14737 1889
Owen, E. G 9193 1885
Page, C., and another 1827 1878
Parkinson, G. S 508 1888
Pauly, S. J., and another 3909 1815
Payne, J. W., and another 924 1877
Pearse, E. A 2229 1879
Pellen, M 2256 1856
Petersen, C. W 31 1882
Phillips, H. F 13768 1884
„ , 20435 1890
„ „ 13311 1891
153
Phillips, J. S 2420 1861
Pocock, G., and another 5420 1826
Ponton D'Amecourt • 1929 1861
Poole, M 8337 1840
Potts, L. H 9642 1843
Preisenhammer, C., and another 593 1861
2377 1861
Prestwich, W. H 9585 1885
Preverand, A. M 206 1855
Quartermain, W 2339 1884
Quentin, P 591 1864
Quinet, A. M., and another 1982 1864
Rablat, C. F 1598 1860
Radotinsky, J 4647 1890
Raydt, W 4104 1878
Redfern, G. F 7015 1886
Ribeiro, J. 1 8386 1887
Ridley, J. D 777 1874
Rieber, J 2781 1871
Rieckert, A. E. K., and another 4811 1889
Rieckert, H. A. J., and another 4811 1889
Ritchel, C., and another 1328 1878
Robatel, J 1581 1857
Robinson, G 11108 1889
Rogers, C. 0 3814 1877
Rohrmann, L 12669 1891
Ross, W. M 2040 1870
Rothleb, G. W 1037 1865
Royaux, E. A., and others 21580 1891
Runkel, M 2393 1876
Sample, J 2421 1878
Sanderson, J. G. E 4523 1875
SebiUot, A. M. G 9452 1886
Shill, R. E., and another 3238 1871
Silas, F 3103 1860
Simmons, J 3132 1874
„ „ and another 289 1875
„ 2428 1875
154
Simon, H 3997 1879
Sinclair, W. H 1555 1891
Sjostrom, P 2264 1883
Smart, G. E 12503 1884
Smyth, J. S 4268 1878
„ 1569 1879
Smyth, W 1392 1867
Smythies, J. K 561 1860
„ 2504 1867
„ 4151 1875
„ „ 34 1882
„ 7 1884
Snow, J. J 439 1876
Snyers, T., and another 3561 1881
Soul, M. A 821 1872
Spencer, C. G 1178 1868
„ „ and another 4098 1882
Stevens, C 1598 1860
Stevenson, E 4871 1880
Sunderland, T 9598 1843
Templer, J 4954 1882
Thayer, D 12320 1889
Thompson, W. P. . . 11941 1887
Tielke-Allan, F. H 19209 1889
Tissandier, G. 3401 1881
Yan de Kerkhove, A. H., and another 3561 1881
Van Hecke .. 11578 1847
Vaughan, E. P. H 4154 1873
2039 1878
Vaughan, C. E 1710 1881
Yidal, E 3315 1875
Viney, J., and another . . 5420 1826
Von Binzer, J., and another . . . . 409 1879
Waddy, S. D., and another 4585 1882
4585 1883
Waelde, J 1830 1886
Watt, A 3831 1874
Weldon, W 2141 1863
155
Wellner, G 2715 1883
Wells, C. L 15850 1890
Wenham, F. H 1571 1866
Wenigner, C., and another 593 1861
2377 1861
Werner, A 2509 1882
Wilkins, F 1772 1882
Williams, C 1987 1868
Wilson, G 3067 1871
Winkler, A 11158 1885
Wirth, F 807 1881
„ „ 5621 1884
Wise, W. L 3779 1879
Woodbury, W. B 1647 1877
Worms, J 47 1889
Ybargoitia, F. M. e 1821 1886
Zimer, F. W 7427 1889
157
SUBJECT-INDEX
BALLOONS.
CAPTIVE.— 1854, 759, 2447. 1555,1136. I860, 3103. 1863,
2028. 1864,591. 15(57,466,3036. 15(55,568. 1874,
1144. 1875, 2979. 1877, 1647, 3814. 1879, 1207.
1551, 122, 4684. 1882, 4954. 155-£, 2879. 1885,
5854, 15627. 1555, 11354, 14610. 1889, 18952.
COMBINED WITH AEKOPLANES.— 1865, 3283. 15£5, 1987. 1869,
2827. 1571, 2031. 1874, 2821. 1575, 1690. 1577,
3974. 1879, 3779. 1551, 4887. 1882, 31. 155^,
2628. 155*5, 7837. 1887, 316, 8386. 1555, 5742,
9448. 1889, 47, 7427, 14737. 1890, 11455. 1521,
4485, 8142, 19245.
CONSTKTJCTION OF.— 1815, 3909. 15^5, 12337. 155-4, 224.
1555, 625. 1856, 2062, 2154. 1557, 1054. 1860,
1598. 15(51, 2529. 1868, 867, 2141. 15(5-4, 591, 748.
1865, 930. 15<5<5, 3262. 1867, 466, 2229, 3036. 15(55,
1666, 1815, 1881, 1987, 2162. 1869, 2827. 1870,
3272. 1571, 2031, 2781. 1872, 821, 3076. 1878,
2776, 4154. 157-4, 2821, 3132, 3177, 3831, 3996. 1575,
2979. 1577, 603, 2313. 1575, 513, 943, 2039, 3546,
4332. 1879, 2229, 3779, 3997. 1880, 985, 1776, 4701.
1551, 122, 1195, 1879, 3401, 3691, 4887. 1882, 31,
1737, 1772, 2509, 4098, 5251. 1888, 518, 1824, 2715.
1884, 2057, 2469, 2628, 11994, 15023. 1555, 1549,
4618, 9472, 9585, 14827. 1886, 7837, 8051, 9452,
13901. 1557, 316, 15567. 1555, 508. 1889, 1671,
3957, 4301, 4811, 7427, 13207, 18952, 19209. 1890,
158
BALLOONS (continued).
4647, 5404, 8816, 11455, 13099, 21241. 1891, 1555,
1943, 4090, 4485, 8142, 12403, 14742, 16033, 19245,
20032, 21580.
FIRE.— 1854, 224. 1862, 1786. 1863, 2959. 1868, 1815,
1881. 1874, 1144, 3132. 1882, 4098.
MAKING GAS FOE.— 1855, 1136. 1865, 930. 1867, 466.
1878, 821. 1874, 2821, 3831. 1875, 289. 7577, 924.
1575, 3228, 4104, 4332. 1879, 594. 1882, 31. 7550,
9452. 1557, 9665.
PHOTOGRAPHY FROM.— 1864* 2447. 1868, 2028. 1577, 1647.
1552, 4954. 1891, 12669.
PROPELLING BY MEANS OP JETS OP FLUID. — 1843, 9598. 1860,
1155. 1866, 1497, 3262. 1567, 2223, 2229. 1565,
1881. 1570,623,2040. 1576,327. 1575,939. 1550,
1776, 4701. 1884, 2057. 1555, 9472. 1557, 316,
5644, 8182. 1555, 508. 1889, 6419, 14737. 1890,
8816, 12349. 1891, 8142, 11212, 16033.
PBOPELLING BY MEANS OP SCREWS.— 1843, 9598. 1848, 12337.
1856, 2154. 1561, 2529. 1863, 867. 1565, 930.
1571, 2031. 1878, 821. 1575, 4255, 4279. 1874,
3177, 3996. 1577, 924. 1575, 513, 943, 1328, 3546,
4757. 1879, 2229. 1550, 985. 1551, 1195, 3401,
3691, 4887. 1882, 4585. 1555, 518. 1884, 2057,
2469, 15023. 1555, 1549, 8567, 14827. 1556, 7837,
9452. 1557, 8255, 11941. 1555, 9448, 11354, 12736,
14610. 1559, 1671, 3957, 4811, 7427, 11108. 1890,
4647, 5404, 11455. 1891, 4485, 19245, 21580.
PROPELLING BY WINGS.— 1515, 3909. 1854, 224, 1224. 1556,
2062. 1560, 1598. 1565, 1666. 1577, 924. 1555,
5118. 1559, 47, 6419, 13207, 14737. 1591, 21580.
PROPELLING BY OTHER MEANS. — 1555, 179. 1567, 2397. 1565,
3677. 1570, 3272. 1571, 944. 1575, 4255. 1575,
2901, 3315. 1576, 2393. 1577, ,3814. 1575, 1827.
1579, 3997. 1551, 807. 1882, 5251. 1555, 4055.
159
BALLOONS [continued).
1884, 5621, 11994, 12503, 15023. 1886, 9472, 9585,
11158. 1887, 8386. 1888, 12736, 1889, 14737.
1890, 13099. 1891, 1555.
RAILWAYS.— 1843, 9642. 1878, 2776. 1575, 4268. 1579,
1569. 1882, 4387. 1555, 7727. 1886, 1821. 1555,
4552, 14610. 1890, 13311, 15332, 15850.
REGULATING ALTITUDE OF.—-15.47, 11578. 15<%, 748. 1865,
930. 1571, 2031. 1572, 821. 1575/2979. 1876,
2393. 1577, 2313. 1575, 513, 1328, 1827, 2039, 4757 .
1579, 2229, 3779, 3997. 1551, 122, 1195, 1710, 1879.
1882, 1737. 1884, 11301. 1555, 12736, 14610. 1559,
1671. 1890, 4647. 1591, 19245.
VALVES FOE.— 1848, 12337. 155(5,2062. 1557,3036. 1872,
3076. 1884, 11301. 1559, 18952.
WEIGHT, ADJUSTABLY ATTACHED TO. — 1815, 3909. 1856, 2154,
1868, 867. 15(55, 3283. 1866, 3262. 1579, 2229,
3779. 1886, 7837. 1557, 316, 8386. 1555, 5742,
9448. 1559, 47, 7427, 14737. 1599, 11455. 1591,
4485, 8142.
FLYING MACHINES.
AEROPLANES, WITH.— 1842, 9478. 1848, 12337. 1862, 155.
1555, 2993. 1861, 2420. 1864, 2299. 1866, 1143,
1571, 2489. 1867, 473, 1392, 2115, 3036. 1555, 392,
1178, 2680. 1870, 1469. 1571, 3238. 1872, 411.
1573, 3309. 157-4, 2808. 1577, 3974. 1551, 430,
3561. 1884, 7, 13768. 1559, 14737, 16883. 1599,
11455, 20435. 1591, 13311, 14742, 19228.
CORRECTING ALTITUDE OF, AUTOMATICALLY. — 155.$, 2299. 1555,
392. 1571, 3238. 1874, 2808. 1559, 16883. 1591,
14742, 19228.
MANUMOTIVE.— 1843, 9856. 1864, 2299. 1555, 1037. 1555,
1143, 1571. 1557, 1982. 1555, 1378. 1559, 1124,
1577, 3974. 1884, 2589, 14038. 1555, 9193. 1555,
7015.
160
FLYING MACHINES (continued).
PROPELLING, SUPPORTING, OR STEERING WITH
screws : 1842, 9478. 1848, 12337. 1856, 2993. 1861,
1929. 1864, 2299. 1867, 1392, 2115. 1868, 412.
1870, 1469. 1875, 140. 1877, 3974. 1551, 430.
1552, 4585. 1883, 2264. 1555, 8567. 1887, 11941.
1550, 11108, 16883. 1891, 19228, 21885.
wings: 15££ 224. I860, 561, 1598. 155-4, 298, 2030,
2299. 1865, 1037, 2208. 1866, 1143. 1557, 473,
1982, 2504. 1868, 1005, 1666. 1869, 1124. 157^,
81, 777. 1875, 4151. 1570, 2376. 1550, 4839.
1882, 34, 1229. 155^, 7, 2339, 2589, 14038. 1555,
9725. 1889, 14737. 1500, 13311. 1891, 21885.
paddles, pars, jets, or other means: 1843, 9856. 1854,
1334. 1551, 2420. 1555, 3284. 1866, 1571, 2489.
1557, 2115, 2397. 1555, 392, 2680. 1570, 2040.
1571, 3238. 1575, 2421. 1551, 3561. 1884, 5621,
12503. 1555, 1830. 1550, 14737. 1500, 11455.
1501, 11212.
VERTICAL SCREWS FOR SUPPORTING. — 1550, 2330. 1551, 1929.
1555, 412. 1575, 140. 1550, 4871. 1555, 1552.
1555, 9193. 1555, 7015. 1550, 3360.
KITES.
1525, 5420. 1555, 206, 1136. 1550, 3103. 1555, 568.
1575, 169, 2428. 1575, 439. 1577, 3814. 1555,
15627. 1550, 12320.
PARACHUTES.
1515, 3909. 1848, 12337. 1555, 2959. 1555, 1987. 1575,
3315, 2428. 1575, 439. 1550, 4701. 155-4, 2628.
1555, 9585. 1855, 10937." 1550, 4301, 7427, 16883.
1501, 19228.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
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